PhD Dissertation on Afghanistan
The Taliban were an Islamic fundamentalist group that ruled most of Afghanistan from late 1996 until the end of 2001 . They managed to take control of 90% of the country's territories. Because the Taliban took over, the Afghan people were forced to follow their extremely harsh rules. The Taliban took over Afghanistan fairly quickly because of the powerful and commanding leaders that were involved in it. The Taliban started in late 1996 and had almost complete control of Afghanistan in order to re-unite it and bring Islamic Law, or Sharia, into the country. The Taliban emerged in October 1994 when they initiated action between Kandahar and the city of Quetta in Pakistan to "rescue" a trade convoy bound from Pakistan to Central Asia . They portrayed themselves as an army of religious students who were fed up with the post communist struggle for Kabul and the lawlessness in the country. The Taliban got its name from the word "Talib" which means "student".
They came to power during Afghanistan's long civil war. Only three countries out of the whole world, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the UAR (United Arab Republic), recognized the Taliban as Afghanistan's legitimate government. Their plan was to create order, but what they actually did was generate further problems. Taliban received encouragement from Pakistan and from Afghanistan because they believed it was the only way to return to peace and stability after two decades of war.
The Taliban quickly found support in southwestern Afghanistan when they started to run schools, mosques, shrines, and various religious and social services, and serving as mujahideen when necessary . The Taliban swiftly made inroads into central and eastern Afghanistan, disrupting the deadlock that had existed since 1992. The Taliban recruited thousands of young men in the Afghan refugee camps in Pakistan to take control of Afghanistan. The Taliban asked or paid drug kings, warlords, and militia, commanders to surrender or leave, and many did because they were unwilling to fight against religious students. By using these methods, the Taliban fought some successful battles throughout 1995.
They took Spin Muldak in October 1994, Kandahar in November 1994, and Lashkargah in January 1995 . They then drove toward Kabul and Herat. In March 1995 when the Taliban advanced to the capital of Kabul. Massoud's government, who was in control of Afghanistan before the Taliban took over, soldiers drove the Taliban back from the capital, and for the first time since early 1992 Kabul was no longer a city under blockade. By March 1995 the Taliban controlled about one-third of Afghanistan and were on the outskirts of Kabul, the biggest accomplishment of capturing the capital was soon to come.
In April, the Taliban advanced toward Herat but was stopped when they clashed with Iranian troops in Nimruz. They carried on toward Herat again in September 1995 and they forced Ismail Khan to flee Iran . The Taliban controlled one half of Afghanistan after the great accomplishment of taking over the city of Herat. By November 1995 they had cut off the city of Kabul but yet again Massoud had driven them back from the city once more. In September 1996 the Taliban went after the capital, Kabul, again and not only took control of Kabul but of the whole east side of Afghanistan as well.
In order to take control of Kabul, the Taliban first struck to the east of the city, taking Jalalabad and then Sarobi, a small town east of Kabul. They captured these without doing much fighting. Hesitant of Massoud's support, him and other followers, Rabbani and Hekmatyar, deserted Kabul and escaped to the north. After capturing the city of Kabul, the Taliban declared them the legitimate government. Government troops and officials fled to the northern part of the country as the Taliban took over more and more cities.
After the capital fell to the Taliban, the country's last president, Mohammad Najibullah, and his brother, Shahpur Anmadzai were both publicly hanged . In May 1997, the Taliban troops pushed forces through the Salang Tunnel that they had taken over and opened up. After only four days of having the Salang Tunnel open, there was an uprising that led to more than four thousand Taliban troops being killed. This was the most the Taliban had suffered in the war after briefly holding more than 90 percent of Afghanistan and being on the edge for a final victory .
By the end of 1997 the Taliban controlled more territory than they had at the beginning but after their losses of the summer and fall, their future appeared gloomy.In the year 1998 the Taliban turned around and won many great victories that left them in control of 90 percent of the country. By the autumn of 1998 Massoud was their only major rival still able to field a major military force. The Afghan War was finally coming to a close when some of the Taliban's greatest victories marked the end of the stage of the war .The Taliban, under the direction of Mullah Muhammad Omar, brought dreadfully strict rules to Afghanistan. They brought about this order by a strict interpretation of Sharia, the Islamic law.
Not many dared to violate these rules because of fears of the Taliban severely beating or even massacring them. Although they had many terrible rules men had to follow because of the Taliban, the cruelest rules were aimed towards the women living in Afghanistan. The Taliban did not allow women to work outside their homes, only few were permitted to work as doctors or nurses in some hospitals in Kabul . They would not even let women leave the house without a male relative with them.
The Taliban did not permit them to wear any kind of makeup nor fingernail polish, if they caught women wearing fingernail polish, their fingertips would get chopped off. These strict rules would allow neither older women nor younger girls to go to school, universities, or any other educational institution. After outlawing education to women, the Taliban converted girls' schools into religious seminaries, not just for women . It was mandatory for all women to wear a Burqa, a long veil that covers them from head to toe. The Taliban would not even allow men and women on the same bus as each other. The men did not have to follow as many rules as women did, but they still had a dress code like the women.
Men had to wear Islamic clothes, which usually consisted of somewhat of a robe and also a cap. They all had to have long beards and the Taliban forbid men to shave or trim them. The rules of the Taliban also said that young boys would not be allowed to school without a turban on . In order to get rid of "non-Islamic" influence, the Taliban banned listening to music, watching television, and the use of the Internet . In contrast with their strict beliefs, the Taliban's main source of income had come from smuggling opium cultivation.
In July 2000 they cut back on the cultivation of the hazardous drug by almost two-thirds. But because it was many Afghans only supply of profits, thousands of Afghans were left without any alternative since the Taliban didn't offer them anything when they decreased the selling of the drug. Although the people of Afghanistan did not believe in most of the rules in which came from the Sharia, not many ever tried to rise up and overthrow the Taliban. This is because Afghani people were starved, exhausted, hurt, incapacitated, and suffering. During the time the Taliban was in rule access to clean water, food, and employment all declined.
Not too long ago the United Nations estimated that there is 500,000 disabled orphans in Afghanistan because of the small amount of food supply there and lack of a good economy. In conclusion, even though the Taliban re-united most of Afghanistan, they were not capable of putting an end to the civil war. The Taliban took control of 90 percent of Afghanistan in total, only a few battles were disastrous for them. For the government that the Taliban took over, on the other hand, lost just about everything they had in the battles won by the Taliban. Access to clean water, food, and employment all declined during this time
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