Dissertation on American History
The war of the North American colonies for independence (1775-1783) was the natural result of the complex processes that occur both in America and in England itself. By the middle of the XVIII century, colonies have grown significantly in economic terms, domestic trade has been established, former economic fragmentation and isolation have been overcame. In essence, they were no longer dependent on the supply of the metropolis, as they had their own navy, inexhaustible reserves of the forests and fertile land; planters produced a tobacco, rice, indigo for export; attempts were made to plant cotton. Although the colonies belonged to England, people migrated there from almost all European countries and the vast majority of immigrants belonged to the labor force, mainly, to Ireland and Germany.
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In the XVII century, most colonists were in need of care metropolis. However, it was concerned about a solution of its own internal problems such as the fight between the king and the parliament, revolution, Stewart restoration. In the XVIII century, everything turned out to the opposite. Colonies were ready for independence but Britain, having stabilized internally and having won France in the Seven Years War, became the powerful mistress of North America, Canada, attaching other French lands.
Metropolis attempts to restrict free enterprise in the colonies and to subordinate it to metropolis’s interests created economic opportunities for the War of Independence. In the second half of the XVII century and in the first decades of the XVIII century, it was issued a series of parliamentary acts that regulated foreign trade colonies(Tindall, 113).
The act written in 1763 that prohibited migration to the west of Appalachian Mountains had to keep colonists in some administrative boundaries of the land monopoly of the King and Lords-owners that tried to increase quits-rents.
Moreover, the British Government was concerned about finding funds for the support of the bulged administration of the colonial empire and troops located there. For this in 1764 there were imposed new duties on some goods(Reynolds, 139).
Unlike previous regulations, this law affects almost all the colonists because the registration of any documents and the issuance of publications were subject to stamp duty. The adoption by the Parliament led to the first outbreak of violent protests in the colonies. The movement against stamp duty was held under the slogan of „no taxation without representation”. Colonists outraged not the severity of the tax; it was not wasting. However, the very fact of its imposition by Parliament, in which there were no representatives of the North American colonies. For the first time in American history electrify masses went on the streets of cities.
At the same time, it was increased agricultural movement against feudal obligations that have taken an especially large magnitude in the colonies of New York, North, and South Carolina. Troops dispersed throughout the colonies could not close the western border against the squatters. In the early 70’s of the XVIII century, guerrilla struggle was unfolded in the Green Mountains, which were then cross-border area of the current state Vermont. Farmers and rural populations along with part of the townspeople were the bulk of future fighters for independence, although the forces of those and others were still divided (Reynolds, 139).
A stamp duty has been replaced with new custom duties, but it failed to make peace in the colony. In Boston, March 5, 1770 townspeople clashed with British soldiers who, in defense, had killed and wounded several people. «Sons of Liberty» successfully used the «policy of the street» and clumsy actions of British authorities to incite a discontent. It has become applied the tactics of collective boycott against imported British goods, own searches of the suspects in collusion with the authorities, but without the killing and bloodshed. One of the most active troublemakers was Boston servant Samuel Adams. In 1773, the group of colonists at his initiative having changed to the Indians had thrown at the bottom of Boston Harbor a consignment of English tea („Boston Tea”).
England has reinforced the pressure by moving to the steep administrative actions against Massachusetts, closing the Boston port, and attaching the American north-west to its province of Quebec (Canada). Patriotic circles across the country were opposed to these “intolerable acts”. In 1774 in Philadelphia, there was the first Continental Congress. It was the council of representatives of the colonies, the same council was held in 1765 about The Stamp Act. As of „Declaration of the Rights” refers to the right of colonists to govern themselves as well as the „life, liberty and property rights’. This was not the proclamation of independence yet, although the country teetered on the verge of it(Tindall, 146).
The war began spontaneously April 19, 1775, when English-chief in America, General Gage, ordered to seize a weapons depot arranged patriots not far from Boston and to arrest the leaders of the „conspirators”. Sent by him the regiment engaged in battle with armed farmers in the area of Lexington and Concord. Initially the Englishmen had overweight. However, driving back, when the leaders of the patriots were able to escape in advance, as some of the weapons had been removed, they were fired continuously by local residents from all kinds of shelters. Having lost a third of the soldiers, the regiment hardly reached Boston. The first battle of the War of Independence was good for the patriotic forces.
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