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Tuesday, November 29, 2011

Dissertation on Decision Making

Dissertation on Decision Making

The term often used to describe the system or principles by which we choose right from wrong is ethics. Conflicts in ethics arise when one person or a group of people impede the beliefs of another person or group of people. It would not be possible to decide who is right or wrong when a conflict arises, but it is our moral responsibility to resolve the dilemmas to the best of our ability. This paper is going to explore the topic of ethical decision making and establish ground rules for the process and analyze possible ethical implications that may arise. What are the ground rules? Making an ethical decision, at times, can be extremely difficult, as emotions tend to hinder ones judgment.

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For example, if a husband came upon his wife being beat to death, his first impulse would likely be to bring as much pain to the attacker as the attacker brought to his wife. On the other hand, the husband would know that would not be the ethical thing to do. For that reason, the process of making an ethical decision should be similar to making a normal decision. There are five possible steps that can be taken in order to ensure an ethical and reasonable decision. The first step is to clarify the issue and determine precisely what must be decided. This involves gathering as much information as possible and clearly recognizing the problem.

At this step, one should be forced to develop at least three ethically justifiable options and determine which ethical principles and values are involved (Five Steps, 2001). The next step is to evaluate the issue. Evaluation involves exploring the options created in step one and realizing if they require the sacrifice of any ethical principle. Evaluation would also involve deciphering facts from beliefs and theories, or past experiences. When a person is emotionally involved, as the man was in the example above, all commonsense tends to fade.

The evaluation step forces a person to ensure they are not allowing their emotions to get involved and they are purely making their decision based on facts (Five Steps, 2001). The third step in the decision-making process is to decide what is or is not true and to make a judgment regarding what consequences are most likely to occur. At this stage, if an ethical dilemma was discovered, this is the time to evaluate the alternatives of each option and decide which would be the most ethical.

For example, for the man in the example, the most ethical decision would be to restrain the man and free his wife and then call the authorities and let them handle punishing the man. It would not be to take the law into his own hands and punish the man himself, even though that is mostly like what he wants to do (Five Steps, 2001). At this third step, it is important to incorporate the three "ethic guides" when trying to make a decision. The first guide is the golden rule, which believes that a person should treat others as they would want to be treated. The second guide is publicity. A person would need to consider how they would feel if their decision were presented to the public.

Finally, the third guide is called the "kid on your-shoulder". This forces the person to imagine following through with their decision with their children watching (Five Steps, 2001). The fourth step in the decision-making process is developing a plan to implement the decision. If all the steps above have been followed properly, this step should be relatively easy since all the ethical risks have already been established. Finally, the fifth step is to monitor the effects of the decision. This involves being willing to change their decision if it appears their first choice is not successful.

This is a constant process until the issue has been resolved (Five Steps, 2001). What could the ground rules be? Ethical decision-making is something that varies from person to person. Not everyone has the same beliefs of what is right and wrong. Some people believe the death penalty is inhumane and cruel while others believe it's justice. Who is to say which person is right or wrong? No one can since ground rules and ethical behavior are subjective.

The ground rules explained above are broad enough as to not force a person to overrule their own beliefs, however it is enough to make them realize, at least to them, what is right and wrong in any given situation. What should the ground rules be? Deciding what should the ground rules be is also subjective. Each individual is going to have their own feedback and decisions on how ethical decisions should be made. I believe the best way to improve on the decision-making process would be to involve others. Even if a person follows the ground rules mentioned above, there is still going to be emotion involved. If a person could ask for another point of view, they might learn or think of something they hadn't before.

For example, going back to the man who found his wife being beat, if there were another person present at the time, that person could help reason with the husband and realize the unethical aspect of what he wanted to do to the man. I know when I have a difficult decision to make that involves ethics I immediately involve another person. I am able to realize that I am too emotional about the situation and cannot make a reasonable decision on my own.

Therefore, that is how I believe the ground rules should be changed. What are the ethical implications of the decision? The fifth step in the decision-making process is to monitor and modify the decision if any problems arise. This will allow the person who made the decision to either live with the implications or select another solution. If they stay with their first option, even if there are implications, at least the person can be sure they followed the steps, weighed all of the options, and this is the most appropriate solution for the issue. Making a decision not only involves implementing it, but also living with the outcome. Conclusion Ethical norms and principles have developed over time and across all different cultures (Shanks, 1997).

People have been raised to weigh the difference between right and wrong when making a decision. Therefore, I believe people utilize the ground rules described above without even realizing it. That leads me to believe that ethical decision making is an innate trait for most people, and something they make the most of on a regular basis. The sad reality is not all people have these skills or even have the ability to understand the difference between right and wrong. The challenge for us would be to share our knowledge, help others to learn the ground rules of ethical decision-making; and maybe, just maybe, our world would become a little safer.

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Dissertation on Divorce

Dissertation on Divorce

Each year, over 1 million American children suffer the divorce of their parents, moreover, half of the children born this year to parents who are married will see their parents divorced before they turn 18. Maintaining evidence in social science journals demonstrates that the devastating physical, emotional, and financial effects that divorce is having on these children will last into adulthood and affect future generations. Our society places a higher value on romantic love than most other societies. In societies where marriages are selected by parents, being in love generally has no role in mate selection. In our society, however, romantic love is a key factor in forming a marriage. Children in this country are socialized from an early age to believe in the glories of romantic love. Magazines, films, T.V. programs, and books portray "happy-ending" romantic adventures. All of these romantic stories suggest that every normal person falls in love with that one special someone, gets married, and lives happily ever after. This happily-ever-after ideal rarely happens. About one of two marriages ends in divorce (Kornblum & Julian, 2001). This high rate has gradually been increasing, but before World War I divorce was comparatively rare. Divorce usually leads to a number of difficulties for those involved.

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First, those who are divorcing face emotional concerns, such as a feeling that they have failed, concerned over whether they are able to give and receive love, a sense of loneliness, concern over the stigma attached to divorce, concerned about the reactions of friends and relatives, concern over their doing the right thing by parting, and concerned over whether they will be able to make it on their own. Many people feel trapped because they believe they cannot live with their spouse and cannot live without him or her. Dividing up the personal property is another issue that frequently leads to bitter differences of opinions.

If there are children, there are concerns about how the divorce will affect them. Other issues also need to be decided. Who will get custody of the children? Now a day's joint custody is now an alternative. With joint custody, both parents have joint responsibility for decision making involving the children. If one parent is granted custody, controversies are apt to rise over visiting rights, and how much support should be paid.

Both spouses often face the difficulties of finding new places to live, making new friends, doing things alone in our couple oriented society, trying to make it on their own financially, and thinking about the hassles of dating. Studies show that going through a divorce is very difficult (Papalia et al., 2001). People are less likely to perform their jobs well and more likely to be fired during this period of time. Divorced people have a shorter life expectancy. Suicide rates are higher for divorced men. Another factor that is contributing to an increasing divorce rate is the unwillingness of some men to accept the changing status of women.

Many men still prefer a traditional marriage where the husband is dominant, and the wife plays a supportive, subordinate role as a child watcher, housekeeper, and emotional supporter of her husband. Many women no longer accept such a status and demand an equalitarian marriage in which making decisions, doing the domestic tasks, raising the children, and bringing home paychecks are shared responsibilities. Another factor contributing to the increasing divorce rate is the growth of individualism. Studies say individualism involves the belief that people should seek to develop their interests and capacities to the fullest, to seek to fulfill their own needs and desires.

With individualism the interests of the individual take precedence over the interests of the family. People in our society have increasingly come to accept individualism as a way of life. An additional factor in the increasing divorce rate is that modern families no longer have as many functions as in traditional families. Education, food production, entertainment, and other functions once centered in the family, are now largely provided by outside agencies. The primary social work service for people who are considering a divorce, or who have an empty-shell marriage, is marriage counseling.

Those who do obtain a divorce may also need counseling to work out adjustments problems, such as adjusting to a single person's life. Generally such counseling is one on one but, at times, may include the ex- spouse and the children, depending on the nature of the problem. Marriage counseling is provided by a variety of professionals, including social workers, psychologists, guidance counselors, psychiatrists, and members of the clergy. Marriage counseling is provided by most direct social service agencies.

Many marriage counselors generally use a problem-solving approach in which problems are identified, alternative solutions are generated, the merits and short-comings of the alternatives are examined, the clients select one or move alternatives to implement, and the extend to which the problems are being resolved by the alternatives are later assessed. Marriage counselors try to see both spouses at the same time during sessions. Practically all marital conflicts involve both partners and, therefore, are best resolved when both partners work together on resolving the conflicts. If the spouses are seen separately, each spouse is apt to become suspicious of what the other is telling the counselor.

By seeing both together, the counselor can facilitate communication between the partners and have the partners work together on resolving their concerns. Seeing each other allows them to refute what the other is saying. A recent development in social services is divorce mediation, which helps spouses who have decided to obtain a divorce to resolve such issues as dividing the personal property, resolving custody and child support issues, and working out possible alimony arrangements if necessary.

Some social workers are now receiving specialized training to provide divorce mediation services. In order to thrive your marriage, it must be a priority on the top of your list. And your spouse needs to see this on an everyday basis. The principle is very simple, if your spouse doesn't feel she's special to you, sooner or later, she'll be tempted to find someone who makes her feel special. It's not easy to keep marriage at the top of your list when there are so many demands on your time: demanding jobs, demanding children, and other demanding responsibilities. While each demand has its part of life, developing a healthy marriage is most important and should be given more attention than your other responsibilities and demands.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Divorce topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Divorce from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Monday, November 28, 2011

PhD Thesis on Social Stratification

PhD Thesis on Social Stratification

The extract from the article "Social Stratification in Cloudstreet" only serves to enrich my understanding of the context of, and values inherent in Cloudstreet. Social Stratification is defined as the development of horizontal status groups in society. The focus of this discussion will revolve around gender groups, as the issues raised concerned with gender in Cloudstreet can be found in abundance within the text and the text delves into the relatively unexplored (during the context of which the text is set), contemporary, emerging household ruled by a matriarchal figure. In order to understand the way in which gender and other related values in Cloudstreet are portrayed firstly an understanding of the context of the novel must first be understood.

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Set in post war Western Australia, in Perth over a twenty year time period the reader is able to watch as the isolated, innocent, parochial country town that valued loyalty ("The men who worked on the hosco knew he wasn't worth his day's pay any more but they wouldn't see him laid off until the silly old bugger couldn't walk through the gates of a morning.") lose its innocence as it grows and social networks breakdown. Evidence of the negative attitude toward the changing city can be found in the text, an example of this would be "the old buildings went and the ugly towers grew." The author Tim Winton states, "the Nedlands monster murders of the 1960's had more influence on Perth people's lives than the war did, in a strange way. Suddenly people started locking their doors and sleeping on their verandas."

Perth became a city. The reason for this most likely was that Perth was a marginalized area, both geographically, politically and socially and as a result local current affairs affect the majority of the population to a greater extent than a typical east coast town of the same time. During this time the stereotypical role of woman was that they were the homebuilders and the males were expected to be the breadwinners, going to work everyday, a patriarchal household was the norm. In the extract "Social Stratification in Cloudstreet" it was observed, Winton's constructed families do not conform to the traditional patriarchal model.

Instead, his characters have weak male figures and strong female matriarchs. "This is evident in the text and the protagonists Rose and Oriel "the sergeant major" are these matriarchs, Roses leadership of the pickles being forced upon her through neglect and Oriel's through necessity when most of her living relatives are killed in a bushfire. The male figures, particularly Sam, Quick and Lester are the weak male protagonists described in the extract.

Even when the males exert periods of momentary power, for example when Oriel accompanies Lester to the doctor and is so overcome with emotion that he must clam her down, it is made clear that Lester feels uncomfortable wielding influence i.e. "Lester's voice was shaky with momentary authority" through this the responder can see that his character much prefers to be following instructions rather than giving them. The females of Cloudstreet could even be said to have the masculine characteristics (aggressive and hard) and the male protagonists of the text encompass traits that are traditionally feminine (the men are intuitive and psychically aware).

The pinnacle of Oriel's masculinity being displayed for the whole neighborhood when she "fights" Lon after he refuses to follow her instructions, literally battering him with her fists.

Rose also does not believe in stereotypes and her strong willed character emanates influence, this can be found when Fish "shat himself" and Quick looks to Rose to clean him up saying "Don't look at me because I'm the woman". As stated above the family structures of the two main households are matriarchal and this explores a family structure that has traditionally been a minority in society especially during the context of the text. Females may run both the two families but they still have their differences. Rose still does that which is customarily the females role i.e. cooks and cleans, where else Oriel as discussed earlier takes charge of things in a more masculine manner and commands others to do work "The woman had Lester waking, raking, caking, and baking".

As said so plainly by Sam "I'm a bloke, I work." And this tends to be the extent of the male protagonists influence over their families in Cloudstreet and as stated in the extract, "there still is the notion of the male breadwinner".

Though this is all the men tend to contribute, they're mostly following orders of their partners in regard to the everyday running of their households not wielding much authority of their own. "Child bearing is very much a female role within the working class who has neither luxury nor the education to make radical developments in family structure." Taken directly from the extract of "Social Stratification in Cloudstreet" this statement makes an assumption that the working-class are unable to have others share in the role of childbearing and the task must be left to the mother. This however is debatable. Using the same example of Rose as from the extract it is possible that Rose could have continued to work shortly after giving birth if she had left Wax Harry with either her parents or Quick's for the days that she worked. The extract in this particular issue was incorrect in stating that Rose had to quit her work to raise her baby, as the author of the article overlooked the important proletarian value of family unity.

They neglected to acknowledge the fact that the family unit would have been obligated to look after the child had Rose been unavailable to do so herself. In general the family structure for the families of Cloudstreet is an image of one unified troupe under the command of a female leader working toward the common goal of the greater good of the family. One of the issues raised in the extract "Social Stratification in Cloudstreet" was that the protagonists, albeit male or female join the labor force from a very early age, due to class values of the time.

Thus from listening to the extract it only reiterates the fact that gender stereotypes within employment can only be explored as far as class values allowed for within Cloudstreet. One value taken directly from the extract "Social Stratification in Cloudstreet" was that "Family members regardless of gender are expected to work and support the family". This value, paramount to the survival of the proletarian family denies Rose the chance to break further stereotype barriers by finishing high school and possibly attending university.

Her mother tells her "you know you'll have to leave school" due to the families socioeconomic status, and thus Rose finds herself trapped within proletarian class and gender lines, stereotyped as "another uneducated female". "Working class men are defined by their occupation". This statement from the article "Social Stratification in Cloudstreet" is correct to an extent, with an example of this being when Sam tells Lester that he works at the mint and "..sees a look of newfound respect coming to his face".

While part of the male character's social identities within Cloudstreet are based on their occupations this does not always mean that they will be viewed in this way. The characters also use common interests that they have to form their opinions of other male characters. In Sam's case, as a gambler, he often views people firstly by how lucky they are (e.g. "Joel, he's lucky," and as an after thought "and his business is good") or when introducing his new neighbor, "This is Lester Lamb, he knows a lot about horses". From this we can see that there are other ways in which people may view the working class males in Cloudstreet.

In the extract it states that males of the middle to upper class do not place nearly the same emphasis on employment that those of the working class do and this is absolutely correct. Evidence of this is when recalling Toby's different friends, Rose comes to the conclusion that some did "nothing at all".

While there is small leeway as to how you are viewed within the proletarian community as a working class male, ultimately the only way to escape being judged by your profession would be only if you were one of the middle to upper class citizens. Not only did the extract "Social Stratification in Cloudstreet" enhance my understanding of the context and values in Cloudstreet, particularly in the area of gender, allowing insight into the workings of proletarian, matriarchal household in a time where society was ruled by male dominance, it also gave me an intriguing perspective on a time that was previously unbeknownst to me. In this world where "Pigs Speak in Tongues and Angels Come and Go" (Beth Witzke), the article "Social Stratification in Cloudstreet" allowed me to reflect on the forced allocation of social groupings within society, through the contextual values within class and family structures.

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This is a small excerpt from PhD thesis paper on Social Stratification topic. As free PhD thesis examples and PhD thesis proposal samples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own PhD thesis paper or dissertation. Why not to get online PhD thesis writing help on Social Stratification from professional thesis writing service? Certified PhD academic writers will write a custom PhD thesis project on any topic and discipline from scratch!
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PhD Thesis on Energy

PhD Thesis on Energy

Energy is the ability to do work, a force multiplied by the distance. . There are two types of energy, Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy. Potential energy is the capacity to do work. Kinetic energy is the total amount of work that is done. As an object moves it is transformed from Potential to Kinetic energy. We begin our process by the soaking up of energy through plants, or our producers. The producers then use this energy as a form of food. They then store this food for its nutrients, and then releases its wastes in the form of O . The consumers use this as energy, and store it as well until they are ready to release their waste in the form of CO . This CO combined with H O, which is water; the producers can reproduce and even grow themselves. H O helps the nutrients in the soil get to the roots for the plants to continue the process of photosynthesis. Once a carnivore dies it begins to decompose. This is another form of food for the herbivores. The process will then start over and continue indefinitely.
All cells have the ability to obtain and convert energy, which in turn is called ATP. Plants, for example, produce food by photosynthesizing sunlight into ATP. ATP is an energy carrier; it transfers some energy to metabolic workers and is formed by aerobic respiration. When a cell retains energy it is stored for a period of time, once it is released it flows through the body in the form of ATP. We need fats to give us the energy we need to move on in life. Too much fat on the other hand is very bad for you. Fats do give us the most energy source, but if we do not burn it as fast as possible then our body will store it for later use. Once too much fat is stored pockets form on the body and begin to stretch the skin. Too much fat can also lead to obesity, and very harmful strain on the heart and respiratory system.

Proteins are a major part of the muscle growing process in our body. We need proteins to build up muscle and break down fat. The protein we need for muscular growth in a way is like the food and fuel that our muscles need for life. Not enough protein can lead to muscle atrophy, and an unhealthy life style. Proteins in turn also give us the ATP, or energy that we need for our full capacity of work. We also need a well balance mixture of ATP, proteins, and H O. H O helps with the excretion process of the body. When wastes are excreted from the body, it allows room for more energy to come in be stored and used.

Carbohydrates are a fuel for the body. We need sugars for the nutrients in our blood. There must also be aright balance of these carbohydrates, or the blood will have too much sugar. This can lead to many chronic diseases such as; diabetes, cancer (some types), some form of a cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. We take the carbon out of the carbohydrates and extract them in the form of CO , which in turn is used for the absorption and food in plants.

We all need carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for the fuel in the energy process. Once the ATP is formed we then use the excretion process to extract CO , which is used in the fuel and energy process for plants. When the plants use the food to make ATP, and they absorb energy from the sun, they will then extract O for the oxidization of our systems. We then take the O and H O, and use it in our production to form the CO for plants; and the cycle continues indefinitely.

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This is a small excerpt from PhD thesis paper on Energy topic. As free PhD thesis examples and PhD thesis proposal samples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own PhD thesis paper or dissertation. Why not to get online PhD thesis writing help on Energy from professional thesis writing service? Certified PhD academic writers will write a custom PhD thesis project on any topic and discipline from scratch!
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Saturday, November 26, 2011

Dissertation on Corruption

Dissertation on Corruption

Many people, especially those who rarely partake in politics, are unaware of the problems concerning corruption in many government positions. In analyzing articles gathered from the Chicago Tribune, there are a wide variety of issues covered relating to political corruption including local city government, issues across the country, and also throughout the world as well. The emphasis will be on Betty Loren-Maltese, the Cicero town president who has recently been convicted on several accounts of corruption charges.

This topic is significant for many reasons. Corrupt city government officials sometimes embezzle large sums of money and use it for their own purposes. The money they are "stealing" is often the taxpayers' money. When this is the case, it is absolutely necessary that the taxpayers be made aware of the situation. A corrupt Judge might conceal the fact that he is in relation to somebody involved in a case he is trying, causing an unjust decision. If this situation was to the advantage of the defendant, there could be a defendant wrongfully acquitted, free and endangering the public. People need to know if their money and trust are going to the wrong place. Every citizen should take a more active role in informing themselves on who they elect into offices as well as who is already in office governing the people.

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One topic concerning political corruption covered in the Chicago Tribune is the Cook County Judge who received a six-month suspension after admitting to "a series of ethical lapses". (Aug. 31st, Metro:13). Associate Judge Lambros J.Kutrubis received a six month unpaid vacation after he admitted to falsifying information on his own tax returns and also failing to declare himself in relation to many cases that involved people he knew personally, including family. In 1989 he accepted and tried a case involving his stepdaughter. This article neither slanders nor suggests particular judgement be placed in one direction or another on Judge Kutrubis. The article merely states the facts and allows the public to create their own opinions.
Another corruption scandal covered in the Chicago Tribune is the Providence, Rhode Island mayor. Mayor Vincent "Buddy" Cianci Jr. was accused of accepting bribes in exchange for tax breaks, favors and jobs with the city. While the mass of corruption was taking place, Providence was also receiving new parks, a thriving new art scene and a new mall. Although the Providence mayor was obviously doing wonderful things for the city, he was at the same time taking advantage of his position for personal gain, and consequently he was convicted on federal charges. "Mayor Vincent Cianci Jr., was sentenced to more than five years Friday by a Judge who portrayed him as a Jekyll and Hyde figure who revitalized Providence even as he turned City Hall into a hotbed of bribery." (Sept. 7, News: 10). The article states that Cianci plans to appeal the conviction. "State law required Cianci to leave office after being sentenced, and City Council President John Lombardi was sworn in to serve out th remainder of his term, which expires in January. Voters in Tuesday's primary will choose the top candidates to succeed Cianci." (Sept. 7, news: 10).

Also sentenced was mayoral aide Frank Corrente to over five years and tow-truck operator Richard Autiello to just under four years on three corruption charges. These two men will join Cianci Jr. in federal prison as well as losing their jobs.
This is important information for the public to know. First, it is important that people be made aware of scandals that are going on in their own backyards, which may or may not affect them. It shows that the government can and will punish those found guilty of corruption, regardless of personality and public opinion. It also teaches the public about federal laws, such as the law that states that when convicted of a federal offense, one is required to leave a government office. The article is informational as well as educational.

Closer to home is the case of Ambrosio Medrano. He took over $30,000 in bribes and placed two friends on the city payroll that did not work for the city, collecting $48,000. He now wishes to take a seat in government office once again, claiming that he has paid his dues. If he succeeds, he will be the first to recapture his seat in government office after serving his time in federal prison on corruption charges. Though only serving 21 months, he plead guilty to extortion and received 30 months in the Oxford, Wisconsin federal prison, home to many white-collar criminals as well as Chicago politicians. He claims that "people who have paid their debt to society shouldn't have doors closed on them". (Nov. 2, News: 1). However, the federal law disagrees. "The 1993 amendment to the state election statute barring convicted felons from local office was passed after onetime City Clerk Walter Kozubowski refused to resign until his sentencing, months after his conviction on corruption charges." (Nov. 2, News: 1). The article also states that if a potential candidate wishes to contest the constitutionality of this law and run for office regardless, he may do so only with a pardon by the governor.
This article is extremely informational. The public is made aware of a number of cases involving local officials associated with corruption and what they are doing before, during and after their prison time. It also informs the public on important federal laws as well as why and where these laws were derived from.

In news around the world, the son of Nigeria's late dictator General Sani Abacha, was released from prison after serving three years on embezzlement charges. He reportedly embezzled billions in state funds for personal advantage. He had been released once earlier that week, then re-arrested, and now President Olusegun Obasanjo has ordered his release for the second time. Thousands of Abacha's supporters had protested the re-arrest.

In Mexico City, two generals have been convicted of aiding drug smugglers. General Francisco Quiros received 16 years in prison and Brig. General Arturo Acosta received 15 years. They were found guilty of protecting drug lord Amado Carrillo and using military airplanes to transport drug shipments. Like in the United States, these two are no longer in rank or possess military decoration.
These articles are short but informative. There is enough to know what is happening in other parts of the world. The content of the article shows the American public that the corruption that occurs in our government occurs everyday in the rest of the world as well, in addition to the fact that corruption is dealt with similarly all over the world.` Although many people do not realize the amount of corruption, often those that do choose to ignore it, possibly under the assumption that it does not affect them personally. These articles will hopefully wake people up to the realization that corruption does happen, it does affect everyone, and people do need to start acknowledging it when it happens. It is a growing issue that people need to take more seriously.

The main topic of news coverage in articles that I have gathered is the scandal pertaining to Betty Loren-Maltese. News coverage on her case was extensive, with articles being published almost everyday. The public was well informed on the situation and kept up to date with the daily articles. At the time that I began following Loren-Maltese's case, she had already been tried and convicted in August of allowing her town's mob-controlled insurance administrators rob Cicero of $12 million dollars in the late 1990's. Loren-Maltese and six others involved in the scheme, including Cicero mob boss Micheal Spano Sr., were required to turn over $4 million in fraudulent profits as well as a wealthy golf course and also a vacation home, both located in Wisconsin. "Speaking out for the first time now that the jury had completed its work, heads of both the FBI and IRS in Chicago made reference to Cicero's corruption and infamous ties to legendary mob boss Al Capone in lauding their joint investigative efforts that led to Loren-Maltese's fall from power." (Aug. 27, News:1). The vacation home, bought by Spano is reportedly worth almost $680,000. The golf course could be worth up to $3 million. Prosecutors would freeze property and bank accounts belonging to the defendants in order to collect the liability of each. The defendants may also be court-ordered to pay restitution as well as giving up personal property and financial accounts.

Apparently, Betty Loren-Maltese was first the town├втВмтДвs liquor commissioner for seven years before being given a seat on the Town Board through a "lightening fast backroom deal" in 1993, and then promoted to town president all too quickly. Her late husband, Frank Maltese, had a contributing role in her becoming town president, just before he died of Cancer in 1993. (Aug 27, News:1). The year of his death, Frank had been convicted of federal conspiracy charges. When he died, Frank was replaced by John Kociolko as Town Assessor, who was at one point considered a leading contender for Betty's role as town president.

In an issue released on September 11th, the public is informed that Ramiro Gonzalez was chosen to replace Loren-Maltese in a Town Board meeting held earlier that week. Gonzalez was a Cicero town trustee and former town special events director. He was appointed to the Town Board by Loren-Maltese in 2000 when he joined her Republican organization. He was to be the first Hispanic ever to lead Cicero, which is currently 75% Hispanic. In a later September issue, Ramiro Gonzalez stated that he hope Betty Loren-Maltese would help him and give him advice on how to keep the town running smoothly. "In an interview during his first full day in office, Gonzalez echoed the remarks he made after his swearing-in, saying he wants to continue what he views as the successful programs put in place under Loren-Maltese." (Sept. 12, Metro:1).

On October 24th, a lengthy article reports that Loren-Maltese's Wisconsin golf course sold in an auction, held in the course's clubhouse ballroom, for $1.6 million to a trio of Wisconsin investors. There were 18 parties attempting to outbid each other at the auction.

On November 21st, it is reported that Betty's tax-evasion case had ended in a mistrial because of a jury deadlock. There is only a few lines in this article, it is precise and to the point, not offering much information, only that the jury had a difficult time agreeing to an acquittal or conviction.

After this first conviction, Loren-Maltese was charged with a single tax count. She is accused of filing a false tax return in 1994. Already facing up to 17 years in prison, Loren-Maltese is now faced with serving more time in a federal prison, leaving her 5 year old daughter behind.

On November 14th, the Chicago Tribune reported that 90 potential jurors were questioned individually and behind closed doors about whether or not they knew of Betty Loren-Maltese and also whether or not they could still be fair if they did know. Loren-Maltese's lawyer had previously requested a change of venue, claiming that too many people knew Betty Loren-Maltese and the possibility of her receiving a fair trial in the same location consequently would be slim to none. He said that even if a juror claimed he or she would be able to put aside the first conviction of Loren-Maltese, it is not humanly possible to completely put out of a person's head a piece of information such as that. He says that would always be on the back of someone's mind and this would be unfair to Loren-Maltese.

The coverage on all of these issues is very high-quality. There were rarely any strong opinions of the writers impressed into the articles. I felt that I was being delivered that facts and that I could draw my own opinions and conclusions. The information was enlightening and helpful to the public mind. Also, I feel knowledgeable about the topics discussed, where as prior to reading these articles I knew nothing. Now, I feel confident I could hold a detailed discussion and identify the meaning. This is the goal and purpose in news reporting. The Chicago Tribune has done a significantly well job on informing the public in a non-biased manor.

Of the many things I have learned, the most noteworthy is to appreciate politics. Before completing this assignment I had a pre-judged notion that politics were useless and not worthy of my time. Politicians were not only boring, I also thought that they were selfish and only into politics to help themselves. In my opinion, one of the most important qualities in a person is their desire to help people. I never saw this in politics until this assignment. Although in my research I found that there are many corrupt politicians, I also saw the rest of the politicians. The other politicians are the people that are in politics for the right reason, that is to make our lives and our country better. Some of the ways they do this are by adding new laws to protect the people, petitioning to build better schools, building new parks, keeping order and peace, and by raising money to help people and organizations that need it, to name a few. It is obvious that politics are important. Politics are also good if the politicians don't abuse their power. I've also learned that I need to pay closer attention to politics because it does affect me in several ways. Corruption in politics is a very important issue that more people need to be made aware of and also need to take more seriously.

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Dissertation on Consumer Behavior

Dissertation on Consumer Behavior

My two subjects for this dissertation on Consumer Behavior will be known as Consumer A and Consumer B. Both consumers have just recently bought digital cameras. Consumer A bought a Hewlett-Packard Photosmart 2.1 Megapixel Digital Camera '320 for $150, while consumer B bought a Kodak 3.1 Megapixel 3x Optical/3.3x Digital Zoom Digital Camera for $300. A few demographics about Consumer A, is that the subject is female. She is 20 years old and is currently a student while working part-time at the Gap store in Park Meadows Mall. Her current income is approximately $5,000-6,000 annually. Consumer B is a 35-year-old male who is married with a child he and his wife just recently had. He is a programmer that makes $250,000 annually. His wife also makes an additional $35,000. Need Recognition Since digital cameras are a high involvement product, the need has been triggered by external stimuli.

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Consumer A, being a student that lived at home with her parents found that she had some extra money laying around and decided to treat herself to something new, as a reward for working hard and being in school. Consumer B recognized the need for a good camera when his first child came into the world. As like most new parents, they want to capture the memories of their children as much, and as soon as possible. Both realized that with the advancing technology, digital cameras would ultimately be more cost efficient, due to the fact that there is no need to buy film or print out all the pictures.

It is also more convenient when they want to show the pictures to multiple people quickly. Information Search Not only did I find that both consumers entered the heightened attention level, they went above and beyond, entering into the active information search level. They both began paying more attention to advertisements for digital camera. They both also began asking their friends and family with digital cameras about how satisfied they were with their previous purchases. How the quality of the pictures turned out, how easy the camera was to use and other such things. Also, they both began to pay attention and look at the weekly advertisements to see what the price ranges were, what brands were out and what features are typically offered.

Also, because both had access to computers and the internet often, both subjects were researching about the cameras online. They went to the store websites or websites of other consumers and researched on how well a product rated. Both consumers relied heavily on their personal sources. Those are the ones that they trusted the most. For example, a friend told Consumer A that their Hewlett-Packard digital camera was great to use, and worth the money.

Since Hewlett-Packard is also a well known and well trusted computer source, Consumer A figured that because digital cameras are so closely linked to computers that Hewlett-Packard is a good brand to go by. Consumer B had always sworn by Kodak, as well as a member of their family, who is a professional photographer. On the day that the consumers went to purchase their cameras, they went to the stores and personally picked up the cameras and used them in the store. While Consumer B asked the salespeople questions about the different cameras and their features and opinions, Consumer A only tested them herself.

Consumer A stated that the opinions of her friends and family, and her own intuition, were much more valid than that of a salesperson or advertisement. Evaluation of Alternatives There are many different camera brands. Some are better known than others, and those are the ones that consumers tend to trust. The features on the cameras are also a major part in deciding which camera it is that a consumer will get. For example, since Consumer A was merely buying a camera for fun, she decided that it wasn't such a big deal to have a camera with too big of an LCD screen or a large amount of memory. Consumer B, however concentrated more on the cameras that offered a lot of memory storage and a bigger LCD screen.

Price was also a big factor for Consumer A, due to her limited budget. She didn't want anything too expensive, but she also wanted a good name brand camera, with the most offered features for a low price. Apparently, brand names play an important factor in the elimination of cameras. Also, both consumers mentioned that if someone mentioned dislike for a certain brand, it also pushed that brand further down their list. Purchase Decision When the time for purchasing came, both consumers took all the ads that week and went from store to store, checking out the selections and to see if that store had that particular camera in stock.

Consumer A tried Circuit City and Best Buy, since those were the two electronic stores that she was most familiar with. Consumer B went to more stores, such as Sears, Radio Shack, Wal-Mart, Target. Basically, he thought of all the stores that he thought that had digital cameras. Consumer A ultimately decided to purchase her camera at Best Buy because she didn't like the selection of cameras offered at Circuit City. Also, she saw that the camera was on sale at Best Buy. Consumer B liked the deal of the price matching for 30 days plus another 10% of the total sale back at Circuit City.

Also, the there was a camera with all the features that Consumer B was looking for. Since Consumer A is only a college student, she paid for her camera by cash. Consumer B, being older with a steadier job with many more bills to pay, purchased his camera by credit card. Postpurchase Behavior Both consumers are relatively satisfied with their cameras. Consumer A uses her camera to take pictures of her friends, while Consumer B uses his camera frequently, taking many pictures of his newborn to send to ecstatic relatives.

For about a week or two after purchasing her camera, Consumer A still looked through the weekly advertisements at cameras, seeing which new cameras were on sale for the price she bought her, and what additional features those cameras offered that hers didn't. Consumer B, however looked through all the weekly advertisements for only his camera, in case he saw it for a cheaper price somewhere. Being satisfied with their cameras, both consumers have told the others about how good their cameras are, and how easy they are to use.

Hewlett-Packard and Kodak have just added two more satisfied customers to their lists, that will spread good word-of-mouth about their products. Conclusion I would classify these two consumers as typical consumers. They both went through the five stages of buyer decision. Both recognized a type of need for a camera, Consumer A for pleasure while Consumer B wanted to capture the memories of his newborn baby. After recognizing their needs, they both began doing research on different cameras, by looking online, asking their friends and family members and going to try the cameras out themselves. While doing research, both consumers were comparing the different brands.

When the time came to purchase, they both went to different stores and looked at the different selections. I find that having a well-trusted name is important to the manufacturer. As they say, "if it's not broken, don't fix it". Also, I find that having the products on sale drive consumers to buy that certain product instead of a competitor's product. Also, I find that Circuit City's 30-day price match draws many consumers to the store. What I find that the retailers are doing wrong, was that sometimes they lack the broad selection of different stores.

I know it is difficult, maybe impossible to carry all the different types of cameras, but having a large selection makes the store well-known and popular with consumers, because they don't have to search far and wide to find all their wanted options in their product. Ultimately, having sales and the products advertised in the weekly newspaper is enough to draw consumers to the store when they recognize the need and want for something. The most important factor, though, in getting a consumer to buy your product, is establishing a following and getting your brand name out into the public. Word of mouth advertising is the best way a manufacturer can go.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Consumer Behavior topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Consumer Behavior from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Thursday, November 24, 2011

PhD Thesis on Pharmacy

PhD Thesis on Pharmacy

Pharmacists work in community and hospital pharmacies, pharmaceutical firms such as Glaxo Smith and Kline. They also work in government departments and agencies. Some general duties of pharmacists are: to check prescriptions for proper dosages, mix or compound prescribed pharmaceutical products by calculating, measuring and mixing the quantities of medicine and other ingredients required. In addition to the above they dispense prescribed pharmaceuticals to customers or to other health care professionals and inform them on indications, contradictions, adverse effects, drug interactions and dosages, they are to ensure proper preparation, packaging, distribution, storage of vaccines, and serums, and advise customers on selection and use of nonprescription medications.
The outlook from 2003 to 2007 will continue to be rated "GOOD" by jobfutures.ca. The employment growth rate will likely be significantly greater than average, occurring largely in retail businesses. According to the website, job openings have risen greatly from 1999 to 2001 due to our growing and ageing population that require more prescription drugs. Also the number of open job positions is expected to exceed the number of recent graduates and immigrants in the country.

There are many variations of pharmacists. Some different types of pharmacists are clinical, community, drug information, health care institution pharmacist, hospital pharmacist, industrial pharmacist, pharmacist - military, pharmacist consultant, registered pharmacist, retail pharmacist, and assistant pharmacists.

Further information may be obtained by going to various university websites that have a pharmacy program, and also talking with your local pharmacist may help.

Interview
I conducted a phone interview with one of my former bosses, Mr. Jay Patel. Jay works as a Compounding Pharmacist who owns part of an independent pharmacy chain called Pharmasave. The company first started along Canada's east coast and is now trying to expand to the rest of Canada. Jay has now invested in owning two stores one in Mississauga, Ontario and the other in Brampton, Ontario. Above I mentioned that Jay is a Compounding Pharmacist, this is a pharmacist that have received certification to mix (otherwise know as compound) specific medications that is customized to the patient. Some examples I was given were: children's anti-biotic's such as Penicillin can be mixed to whatever flavor the child desires, animal medications are able to be made, and all natural female hormone therapy can be prepared as well.

Jay is originally from India and received his pharmacist certification there, when he moved to Canada he then had to complete certain courses in order to be able to work here. Some courses were English, Math and Chemistry. After the courses were complete he needed to work in the field under a certified pharmacist for one year then he received the license to work in Canada. When asked why he chose to become a pharmacist he answered "I wasn't smart enough to be a brain surgeon". Although my work experiences at the pharmacy were amazing and the knowledge that I have learned there will always stay with me, I don't seem to have an interest in becoming a pharmacist, I feel that this career would be great for people that enjoy working in a very fast-paced environment, dealing one on one with customers/patients, as well as working with various doctors. This career is a very structured job, pharmacists tend to work many 12 hour shifts in a week as well as weekends and for me I would rather have a bit a variety and dealing with shifts I would much rather a 9 - 5 job.

Registered Nurse
Registered Nurses provide direct nursing care to patients, deliver health education programs and provide consultative services regarding issues relevant to the practice of nursing. They are employed in a variety of settings including hospitals, nursing homes, extended care facilities, rehabilitation centers, doctors' offices, clinics; community agencies, companies and private homes, or they may be self-employed.

To be employed as a registered nurse you must complete a university, college, or other approved registered nursing program. A master's or doctoral degree in nursing is usually required for clinical nurse specialists, clinical nurses, nursing consultants and nursing researchers. Additional academic training or experience is required to specialize in a specific area of nursing. The average hourly wage for a full time registered nurse $23.07. Main duties of a registered nurse include: assessing patients to identify appropriate nursing interventions, administer medications and treatments as prescribed by a physician or according to recognized policies and protocols, monitor, assess, address, document and report symptoms and changes in patients conditions. They also operate or monitor medical apparatuses or equipment, assist in surgery and other medical procedures, may supervise licensed practical nurses and other nursing staff. Registered nurses may also specialize in areas such as surgery, obstetrics care, psychiatric care, critical care, pediatrics, geriatrics, community health, occupational health, emergency care, rehabilitation or oncology to name a few.

The employment growth rate for registered nurses is expected be higher than average, the increase in new jobs will continue because of ongoing trends with a growing and aging population that requires increased health services and increased government funding for health care and with the number of retiring workers it should generate more positions as well. According to the National Occupation Classification the number of recent graduates/immigrants will likely not fill the number of job openings.

There are various types of nurses; clinical nurse, community health nurse, critical care nurse, graduate nurse, intensive care nurse, nurse researcher, nursing consultant, private duty nurse, registered psychiatric nurse and several others.

The best way to find out more information about becoming a registered nurse is to go to your local hospital, college, and/or university.

Interview
For this interview I chose to conduct it online through MSN messenger with use of a web cam to sunny Florida. I interviewed a close family friend by the name of Verdi Williams who has worked as an emergency nurse for the past 30 years. Verdi lived in Jamaica but decided to attend a university in England for her nursing education. After completing her program she worked in England for 4 years as a nurse on a medical floor, she then decided to move back home and worked in Jamaica for a year. She felt in order for her to advance in her career she needed to be working in a bigger city so she moved to Canada and worked at Branson Hospital in Toronto for about 12 years. During her years in Toronto she was lucky enough to have been able to work in many departments but found her favorite in the emergency room. Verdi was then offered a position in Texas, USA as an ER nurse; she took that position and worked there for 4 years. She enjoyed her position there a lot but didn't enjoy the city so when she saw a posting for a transfer to a hospital in Florida she decided to take the chance and move there. She ended up staying at the position in Florida till she retired a few years ago. When asked why she chose this career she replied "I had a great interest in the medical field but didn't wish to become a doctor. I also enjoy the fast-paced working environment of the job, which I got to experience by working in the ER. But I would say the greatest part of my job is the rewarding feeling that I get every night I go home, it's just knowing that I made a difference and was able to help someone in need, that kept me working in the field".

Just through this interview I would say, I am even more determined to finish the practical nursing program and find a position that I can be equally as happy with as Verdi was.

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This is a small excerpt from PhD thesis paper on Pharmacy topic. As free PhD thesis examples and PhD thesis proposal samples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own PhD thesis paper or dissertation. Why not to get online PhD thesis writing help on Pharmacy from professional thesis writing service? Certified PhD academic writers will write a custom PhD thesis project on any topic and discipline from scratch!
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PhD Thesis on Information Security

PhD Thesis on Information Security

This PhD thesis chapter is based on the security of data and how it can be a problem for large corporations, and what can companies do to manage their data and resources properly. Information today has become one of business worlds and society's most important resources, and managing this information has become a major challenge. It is for this reason that the security of data is very important to corporations. The desire to control and protect information is rooted in the notion that information has value. The value of quality in information will enable the business to make sound decisions and conversely the presence of errors will undermine the credibility and therefore the value of the information (Marschak 1968).
This means corporations must be able to handle and administer information safely and securely. "Prior to the introduction of computers in the corporate world, business would store its information in locking file cabinets. This is now on the computer system for easy access and use by authorized users. The value of that information to a company has not changed since it was taken out of the file cabinets and put on the computer system therefore the security concerns for that information should not have changed" (Hendershot 1993). The security of data should be very important to large corporations and if it is undermined then they are more likely to be vulnerable to threats, which could result in big problems for companies.

According to The UK Audit Commission (1998) the different types of threats can be categorized under five main headings:
  1. The first threat is theft. Theft is an act of taking unauthorized copies of intangible assets such as data and software from the organization.
  2. The second threat is fraud. Fraud is the taking of assets by deception, let's say, hide his or her activities by making all the records look consistent and "normal".
  3. The third is malicious damage. This is attacking a system by rogue program such as computer viruses
  4. The fourth is incompetence and mistakes. This is when routine users cause errors or failures in the system by accident due to carelessness or unawareness.
  5. The fifth is accidents and disasters. These can be unpredictable accidents or natural disasters, which destroy computer systems.

To put this into perspective, a survey taken from Bocij et al (1999), was carried out about the extent of these threats with regards to the loss of information in a 1996 Business Technology Survey by Ernst & Young. "This survey found that 59 per cent of companies surveyed had experienced a security breach." (Bocij et al, 1999: p538).

It may be thought that our society in general is becoming increasingly "data-unsafe". However, this is not to imply that we are all exceedingly vulnerable as considerable efforts have indeed been made in this field, and more attention is being focused here. Nevertheless, it must be bared in mind that this does not mean that the situation is in full control.

As the dependence of businesses on IS increases, so does the range and severity of the threats which can arise. This can happen for a number of reasons. The first being the scale at which the business is dependent on IS, as systems increasingly operate on a national or international scale. For example, a failure in a bank's computer centre can put all its automated teller machines offline.

A second reason is the speed of IS in an advanced technological environment. For instance previously, before computer-based information system, it may take for fire, flood or malicious damage to destroy records. Large computer files, on the other hand, can de deleted or corrupted electronically in matter of seconds. Similarly, unauthorised transmission or copying of data can be carried out almost instantaneously.

Another reason is technical innovation. New technology changes all the ground-rules, and many employees may not understand them well. Previously, it was reasonable to rely, to a large extent on employees' good sense (for example, in not leaving filing cabinets unlocked). With IT-based systems, they may not even realise that they are taking unacceptable risks. On the other hand, at the opposite end of the skills spectrum, there are highly talented technicians who regard it as a challenge to invade and disrupt systems. They can conduct their attacks from the other parts of a network-without needing to go anywhere near the premises they are attacking.

The fourth reason that may increase the range and severity of threats on IS could be hidden causes. For example, sometimes it is difficult to trace back to cause of a problem in complex systems. "For example, on 1 Jan 1985, customers trying to use the cash machines of two major clearing banks, which normally accepted each others' cards, found themselves getting unpredictable results. The problem was eventually traced to erroneous updating of the magnetic strips on the cards by one of the banks. It seems that some of the bank's software had failed to recognise that 1984 was a leap year, and entered date information on the cards, which then confused other parts of the system." (Hawker, 2000: p18).

The security of data can be a big problem for large corporation as, defining the contents of an international information security policy as an associated set of security controls is one problem, however to enforce them may be an even bigger one (Solms,1999). Also another problem that large corporations may face is remaining competitive and having a long-term future ahead with a lack of security of data. Solms states that if an organisation is found secure enough by others, it will be welcomed to join, if not it may be excluded and left in the cold. This discussion proves that in the era of electronic commerce, proper information protection and proof of it may be demanded among business partners.

Data and information security can result in a big problem for large corporations if security policies are not implemented in the correct manner. It is very important that firms recognise this, as it may well prove far more expensive not to invest in security measures than the measures themselves would have cost. Increased security means increased possibilities of safe guarding a company's assets, through reducing or eliminating the danger of financial loss. As a result of this companies need to manage their data and resources properly.

Information technology does not only bring the benefits of better ways of storage and accessibility of data but with it comes the managerial responsibility, which is control of files and resources.

There two major management responsibilities that companies need to manoeuvre in order to control their information so that their data is secure and they can make the most out of the resources they have invested in. These measures and responsibilities are physical and procedural. Under each of these, there are several components that make up these controls.

Firstly, physical protection is an important control. Physical barriers are aimed at protecting equipment, accessories against theft and unauthorised access, and so that sources of possible damage are eliminated. If access to rooms with equipment were restricted, the risk of theft and vandalism may be reduced.

A second control that could be used by some firms is biometric controls. These controls make use of the unique characteristics of individuals in order to restrict access to sensitive information or equipment. The technique has scanners that check on fingerprints, voiceprints and retinal patterns. Until recently this technique was not accessible to many organisations, partly because of the cost involved and secondly because companies used to have doubts about the accuracy of the technique. Both of these concerns have been addressed and been solved by technological advances in software and hardware. An example of companies that could use this type of control to increase security and manage their resources properly is banks and more specifically their ATMs where customers are able identify customers by fingerprints or retinal patterns.

Thirdly procedure controls are also very important to take into consideration. Procedural controls include controls such as data security controls, failure controls, and auditing and security policy.

Data security controls help to identify and verify the users. For instance system software can be used so that passwords are assigned to only authorised individuals. No one can log on to the system without a valid password, furthermore additional sets of passwords and security restrictions can be developed for specific systems and applications. Laudon & Laudon (2001) give an example, that data security software can limit access to specific files, such as the files for the accounts receivable system. It can restrict the type of access so that only individuals authorized to update these specific files will have the ability to do so. All others will only be able to read the files or will be denied access altogether.

Another procedural control is failure controls. These controls are necessary especially in large corporations, to avoid damage caused by failure of an information system. The techniques of failure control are regular back-ups of data and recovery procedure. For example, everyday transactions in a bank such as deposit, and withdrawals are stored on a daily basis as backup. Another recovery procedure which is important to companies is having a disaster recovery or contingency plan which is a strategy concerned with ensuring that a disaster of a information system is restored as quickly as possible, with little disruption to the organisation as possible.

Auditing could be another way in which companies may protect information systems against security breaches. Auditing involves making physical checks of hardware, software and data at regular intervals. Audits can be carried out automatically for software and data with an appropriate program.

Auditing software works by scanning the hard disk drives of any computers, terminals and servers attached to a network system. As each hard disk is scanned, the names of any programs found are added to a log. This log is then compared to a list of the programs that are owned by the company. The log gives information as to where to find the program. It is then simple to determine the location of any unauthorised programs.

In many organisations auditing programs are also used to keep track of software licences, which allow companies to ensure that they are operating within the terms of their licence agreement.

Other types of controls that may help companies to manage their resources properly are legal controls. Legal controls exist to prevent security breaches. Computer Misuse Act (1990), covers unauthorised access to information systems. Unauthorised access to information systems is referred to as hacking, and any breach of security by a third party invokes this Act for which the culprit may be prosecuted.

Another legal protection, which companies need to comply with, is the Data Protection (1984). This Act is mainly intended to cover the individuals' rights to view the information the company holds about them. For companies this is a strong message that only factual information should be held and the information should be relevant. In addition and also very important the Act restricts disclosure of information about the files a company holds about individuals to third parties. Special rules apply to this clause and it is the company's responsibility to ensure that these are followed. For example a finance company may request the account holder to set up a passed for a spouse to discuss general information but the liability lies with the company should the information get into the wrong hands resulting in fraud.

Formal Security Policy is another way in which companies can protect their data. Companies are now required by law to make existing and new employees sign a security policy. This is a benefit to both the company and the employee if the policy is explained. The security policy document would include things such as what the company considers to be acceptable use of the information system, what is considered unacceptable use, disciplinary action for non-compliance and details of the controls in place. However it important that management support is essentially there to ensure that employees follow the guidelines contained in this policy.

An article from the Financial Times (1998) in Bocij et al, hinted that many fraudsters rely on human behaviour rather than technology. A senior manager of a UK based company; Forensic Investigations stresses the importance of the IT department in keeping abreast with the latest developments and maintaining regular security revisions across the organisation.

Another example is an UK based company, Priority Data Group (PDG), whose clients include Citibank, computer services company EDS and General Motors has developed a system that automatically blanks a PC screen when the user is away from it and then is reactivated by a password.

Also, US based company Finjan has developed a program called Surflinshield Corporate, to protect computers against rogue programs attached to Active X or Java created programs. Surfinshield monitors the behaviour of the downloaded program and if attempts to breach computer security system are found, the program is eliminated. These are all examples of how companies manage their data and resources properly.

Increased security means increased possibilities of safeguarding a company's assets, through reducing or indeed eliminating the danger of financial loss. Investment in relevant and suitable security measures can prevent damage to EDP equipment, technical installations and premises, reduce the chances of information being tampered with and fraud being attempted, ensures reliable data processing by seeing to it that errors, inaccuracies, mishaps and omissions are deleted more easily or prevented, and ensure that the situation is revised as soon as possible, should anything happen.

All this means that it may well prove far more expensive not to invest in security measures than the measures themselves would have cost. In fact investing in data security should be considered a form of insurance. On the other hand, in themselves security measures can never be a foolproof guarantee against damage and accidents. They will have to harmonize with the company's overall profile and atmosphere. Both staff and management must have an active, positive attitude towards the security aspect. Such an attitude will in itself have a preventive effect.

In working to improve security, it is important to realize that even the most comprehensive measures can never manage to remove each and every possible risk involved in using new technology. 

Moreover, maintaining a very high level of security is a costly affair. In conclusion, then, a certain degree of risk will have to be accepted, and not every irregularity should be seen as a major problem.

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This is a small excerpt from PhD thesis paper on Information Security topic. As free PhD thesis examples and PhD thesis proposal samples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own PhD thesis paper or dissertation. Why not to get online PhD thesis writing help on Information Security from professional thesis writing service? Certified PhD academic writers will write a custom PhD thesis project on any topic and discipline from scratch!
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Tuesday, November 22, 2011

PhD Thesis on CRM

PhD Thesis on CRM

Summary:
The article begins by stating that the NTSB, in recent years, has gone back to look at one of the "links" in accidents is poor communication among the flight crew members. What started as "cockpit resource management", has changed to "crew resource management" in the politically correct modern day. Crew resource management, or CRM, looks at ways to break down barriers to communicating on the flight deck, and ways to effectively convey messages, without sending hostility in word choice or voice inflection. By keeping things friendly, the crew will be more likely to voluntarily interact with each other positively, and work with each other to eradicate problems as effectively, and efficiently as possible.

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The articles main view is the formation of a toolbox, in which the pilot can go into and have "tools" readily available for use. Some of these tools include verbal CRM items. Many are just one or two word catch phrases that get the attention of the crew and clue them in to what is happening. Words like "overload" or "rushed" clue the rest of the crew to slow things down, as they must be moving too fast for one of the crewmembers. Another tool that they emphasize is the challenge. They say to begin the challenge with "I'm" and followed by words like "concerned/uncomfortable" to reduce hostility. By using the latter, and/or "unsafe", it may open the eyes of the captain and make him rethink his actions. Another tool is the tool of touch. In our industry, touch is pretty uncommon on the flight deck. They say to use this to get the attention of someone to alert them of something that may require immediate action. The last thing of importance, but certainly not least is the brief/debrief tool. This sets the stage for good communication at the beginning of the flight and ends with an overview in which positive learning is utilized through praise and constructive criticism. Lastly, CRM must be developed through a flight department, because if not properly trained, the pilot will revert back to his traditional mindset of single pilot management for solving problems on the flight deck.

Evaluation:
I agree totally with the mentality of the author. It is absolutely pertinent that training in the CRM must be present in order to rid them of reverting to solving problems single handedly. I believe that as part of an interview, people should also be judged on their people skills, as well as if they can communicate effectively. As per the article, I think that it should not only be part of recurrent training, but stressed during initial training. I also think that mandatory briefs/debriefs be used during IOE, as well as catch words when the situation arises. That would set the stage for better communication in the years to follow. I believe that if everyone has the basic "tools" in their toolbox, individual crewmembers could be switched frequently without any loss to effective, open lines of communication on the flight deck.

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This is a small excerpt from PhD thesis paper on CRM topic. As free PhD thesis examples and PhD thesis proposal samples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own PhD thesis paper or dissertation. Why not to get online PhD thesis writing help on CRM from professional thesis writing service? Certified PhD academic writers will write a custom PhD thesis project on any topic and discipline from scratch!
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PhD Thesis on Religion

PhD Thesis on Religion

I grew up with the impression that science and religion were incompatible. Maybe it was because I went to Catholic school, and my religion teacher thought I was trying to be sarcastic when I asked things like, "If the pope is infallible, why did he say that Galileo was wrong about the sun being the center of the universe?" When she answered, "Because the pope didn't know any better," I said, "Isn't he supposed to know better if he's the pope?" And the teacher told me to stop asking dumb questions and said we'd get into it later (which of course we never did). So out of fear of flunking Catholic school, I adopted the policy that what was taught in science class applied only to science, and ditto for religion. Five years later, I realize that maybe my questions weren't so dumb. Some people spend their lives trying to bring out the similarities between religion and science, while others spend their lives trying to tear the two apart. For my paper, I wanted to explore possible reasons why these two opposing sides have never been able to find common ground enough to unite upon.

 

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Research on this topic began with a psychologist named, James H. Leuba and his landmark survey of 1914. He found that 58% of 1,000 randomly selected scientists expressed disbelief or doubt in the existence of God. And that figure rose to nearly 70% in later years. Leuba repeated his survey in somewhat different form 20 years later, and found that these percentages would increase to 85%. In 1996, the survey was repeated and found out that very little has changed. 60.7% still express disbelief in religion and a mere 7% do believe in the man upstairs. I wonder where did all the faith go?

One reason religion is unwilling to familiarize itself with science because science offers simple, valid, irrefutable and, above all, logical explanations for some of the "miracles" described in holy books. The Nile, for example, is known to turn red when it is overgrown with bacteria. Sorry, Moses. Carbon dating of fossils tells us that there was life on this planet long before the estimated time of the creation of Adam and Eve. Sorry, God. You can see where the religious leaders might get a little worried that their congregations would begin to fall away from the belief that an invisible man in the sky makes miracles happen, if too many explanations which appeal to their more rational way of thinking were to come up.

The Big Bang theory is an idea that the universe is expanding. Just like when you toss a grenade in the air and it explodes and you take a slow motion picture of it and each little piece is a galaxy flying out in all different directions. When you look through a telescope, the red shift of light indicates, they believe, that star galaxies are receding from us and everything is getting farther away. Therefore, they conclude, the universe is exploding. When this theory first came out, some Christians said, "Aha, that means it had a beginning."

The most important part of the definition of science is the Scientific Method. It is what makes science so good at allowing us to understand our world. The Greeks thought that they figure everything out by pure thought, that is, by philosophy alone. Maybe, but given that people can and do come up with wrong ideas, it is better to have some type of filter to detect fallacious reasoning. The word hypothesis when used in science means, a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences, it is an educated guess to explain a phenomenon. When a hypothesis agrees well with experiments, we gain confidence that it is in some way "correct" and we distinguish these hypotheses from their less valuable counterparts by referring to them as theories.

Religion was just a quick answer to most questions back in the prehistoric days. Where did we come from? What happens when we die? Where did the universe start? Why are we here? Blah, Blah, Blah. No one knew the answer so they just invented a quick solution that would answer any question. God did it, believe in him or go to hell. Some people might say that if you believe in God you won't lose anything and you'll have a chance of going to heave where as if you don't believe in God you have no chance of going to Heaven and have a chance of going to Hell. Well how do you know which God to believe in? There are thousands of "versions" of Christianity and like a million different Gods. How do you know which is the true one? It would be a real dilemma if the true religion were some God that was worshipped on some island in Malaysia that only 100 people heard of. Could it be that religion is just used as control for morally weak people who can't answer their own problems and just think that if they believe in this God all their problems will go away?

The most well known incidence displaying the dangers of faith involved the Catholic church and Galileo. One of the many discoveries Galileo had made with his telescope was that the planet Jupiter had four moons known today as the Galilean Moons: Ganymede, Io, Europa, and Callisto that revolve around it and that the planet Venus undergoes phases similar to those of the moon. This did several things. First, it proved that there was more than one point in the solar system that things revolved around and also it strongly suggested that Venus orbited the sun. Now the Church as this time advocated the Aristotelian view that everything revolved around the earth as opposed the Copernican theory that says the planets go around the sun. When church authorities learned that Galileo published the book, "Dialogue," that supported the Copernican theory, they had him arrested and put on trial. Galileo's defense was simple enough: they could look through his telescope and his accusers could see for themselves the truth. However, they refused to do this because they believed that the very act of looking through the telescope would undermine their faith! Galileo was found guilty and sentenced to house arrest.

The problem with religion and science is that religion can be disproven by scientific means. In fact, this has been going on for a long time ever since Galileo, but the Catholic Church and others have managed to pretend that this is not the case. Unfortunately, science can also be disproven by one's faith and saying, "God has to exist because I believe in him." Many scientists will not accept that argument.

There are those, of course, who would argue that the Torah and the Bible are not meant to be taken literally but figuratively; that Adam and Eve are representative of all men and women, that the story of the Creation in seven "days" is meant to be a more figurative term for a longer amount of time (substitute the word "eon" for "day" in the Creation story and you'll get what I mean). That's nice and all, but it begs the question, where does the line between figurative and literal translations end? For example, the story of Esther, which, as opposed to some other stories in the Bible, is very specific when it comes to times, dates, names and places - not only that, but the story is historically supported as it is written. Should we apply the figurative translation to something that is so obviously meant literally? Of course not. So when does the figurative translation end and the literal begin? This is one question which scientists and theologians still have not been able to come up with a satisfactory answer to.

Another difference that I have found between science and religion is the definition of "truth". To the scientist, who is more skeptical, truth is ever changing and the more one sees of the world, the more observations one makes, the closer one comes to the truth. In laymen's terms, the truth is out there. It is the goal which may not ever be attained, but that certainly won't stop the scientist from coming as close as she can. The scientist does not define "truth" by what it is, but rather by taking away the attributes which truth is not. In this manner, the definition of truth is always changing and never finalized. The theologian, on the other hand, defines truth as that which is printed in the Holy Texts, that which comes from the mouth of God Himself (although personally I believe that if there is a god, she would have to be a woman because of all the luck I don't possess with this life I lead). Truth is absolute, definitive, unchanging and final. You can see the truth, touch it, and feel it.

Although there are undeniably many differences between the issues encompassed by science and religion, few people ever take the time to realize how similar in nature the two really are. Think about it, both science and religion have their own set of books from whence all their information is drawn, instructors (Mr. Snelling, please forgive me for comparing a great instructor like you to a pastor), philosophies of life and death, instructions and jargon. It's actually a little creepy to think of how similar these two spheres really are, for science is a religion in and of itself, and religion is a type of science. Both are learned practices; no one is born with an instinctive knowledge of the divine just as no one is born with an automatic knowledge of biochemistry. Perhaps the reason why these two fields can never seem to quite get along is because they are too similar in their nature while being dissimilar in their specific outlooks.

According to the most recent Gallup poll, 47% of Americans do believe that God created human beings at one time within the last ten thousand years. While 49% believe that human beings have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, including 40% who say that God guided the process, and 9% say God had nothing to do with it. If I took the survey I would say God guided us to who we are today. I believe God made the apes and monkies who later evolved into who we are today and gave us a hand in our evolutionary changes. Or I could be wrong.

Evolution can be a difficult concept for people to come to terms with, especially if they do not have much experience with life sciences. Is evolution a fact or a theory? Or is it both? Does evolution explain the origin of life or not? These are important questions which people need to be able to understand and answer. Evolution is not a minor matter, but it is, in fact, the edge of all modern biology. Like evolution creationism can have more than one meaning. At its most basic, creationism is the belief that the universe was created by a deity of some sort, but after that, there is quite a lot of variety among creationists as to just what they believe and why. People may put together all creationists together in one group, but it is important to understand where they differ and why.

I think that people like to mix science and religion because of the faith they have in science. It has a basis in unemotional experiment and evidence. On the other hand religion has been practiced though the ages as a means of control by priesthood over everyone else. If science can explain things, then faith becomes a lot easier. I think that religion is best practiced as a personal method of learning about yourself and your relationship to the rest of Life. To know yourself, to know God and beyond. This does not need to conflict with science, nor does it need to be validated by science. If you wish to be truly free, then you must be fully responsible for your own state of mind and heart. It is up to you to validate your own truths.

Science and religion are related to each other in ways both strange and familiar - for example, we can imagine that there are people raised in religious backgrounds who find science to be more practical and logical than the Invisible Man in the Sky, but what most people don't realize is that a majority of scientists are religious, not atheists. Very often it seems as though evolution and religion must be locked in a desperate struggle of life and death. For some religious beliefs, perhaps that impression is reasonably accurate. However, the fact that some religions and some religious dogmas are not entirely compatible with evolutionary biology does not mean that the same must be true for all religions or religion generally.

Science and religion are two systems with the same goal and that is to explain the universe. Both system require you to have faith. One asks for your faith perpetually, the one ask for it until they get an accurate answer. People who have strong emotional ties to religion because they grew up in a religious community that they felt had a positive influence on them and also have a strongly scientific overview of the world will always be likely to put these two together. Also, like putting light and darkness together, you'll end up with a gray fog that clouds the mind.

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This is a small excerpt from PhD thesis paper on Religion topic. As free PhD thesis examples and PhD thesis proposal samples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own PhD thesis paper or dissertation. Why not to get online PhD thesis writing help on Religion from professional thesis writing service? Certified PhD academic writers will write a custom PhD thesis project on any topic and discipline from scratch!
Order Custom PhD Thesis on Religion
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_________________________ Enjoy our PhD Thesis Writing Service! _________________________