How to Write a PhD Thesis Paper

How to Write a PhD Thesis

A PhD thesis is the most important and horribly difficult paper for every student, because writing a successful PhD thesis guarantees you the highest academic degree and looks like a reward for the long years of study and research. A good PhD thesis should cover only up-to-date matters, as you are supposed to introduce fresh new ideas and solutions to the development of modern society and its urgent problems. If you need professional PhD thesis writing help, our writing service will provide you with quality PhD thesis writing tips.

PhD Thesis Writing Guidelines:

1. First of all you should get to know how a successful PhD thesis must be written. Look through the existing thesis papers to understand their structure, type of writing, the amount of work, literary sources. It will help you with writing your own paper. Before writing your thesis, consult with your adviser, as he is able to provide you with valuable assistance, he will suggest reading and studying particular materials concerning your PhD thesis paper, he will narrow the field of your research to make it more concrete and understandable for you.

2. Start writing you thesis. Create the outline and try to follow it. Remember, that your PhD thesis must be well thought out and unique. You must give arguments when you claim something. Without reliable arguments and evidence your PhD thesis will be a worthless paper. While writing a thesis paper you should show the deepest knowledge of the subject and topic.

3. If you want to write a good PhD thesis - read as much as possible about your topic in scientific works, journals, encyclopedias. It will be useful to write an annotated bibliography, it will help you keep all your literary sources at hand and you will remember the content of every source.

4. Write a draft of your PhD thesis and show it to your adviser. He will tell you if you work in the right direction. If something must be added or thrown out. You should consult your adviser quite often, because his wise ideas are vital for your PhD thesis.

5. Continue writing your thesis, reread it many times and try to improve it, make it perfect. Finally, you should proof-read your PhD thesis to make it look grammatically and stylistically correct. Now, prepare to defend your thesis successfully not to lose face in front of your professor and adviser.

Now you know how to write a good PhD thesis paper. We hope that our PhD thesis writing tips will help you create a quality original thesis, which will be published in the recognized journals and you will be awarded for the years of your studying and research. If you need professional help with PhD thesis paper or PhD thesis writing assistance - our writing service is 24\7 ready to support you.

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Dissertation on Africa

Dissertation on Africa after getting independence

1. Introduction

"After independence we will have to stand on our own and rely on our own resources, the unifying force, the cement…which had hitherto been supplied by the United Kingdom Government will be removed, and will have to be replaced by new virtues of our own which must be capable of keeping all the diverse elements of the country together, in mutual trust and harmony and with a common national purpose."(Awo, the Autobiography of Chief Obafemi Awolowo of Nigeria).

Before the World War II the very small part of Africa was free from external influence and tight control. Only Liberia for many years was the only one independent African nation. During the nineteenth century America was helping Africa to gain its independence.

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Generally speaking Africans themselves are very impatient to get on the business itself and with the business of modernizing their land, educating their people, improving their standards of living and governing selves. And that is actually considered the main reason for this country to be in turmoil.

2. Situation in Northern Africa and Other Parts of the Country regarding Independence

After the Second WW there were very much unrest in North Africa, which countries were hostile towards France and its influence. But it must be said that after the several decades of French domination in that areas a lot of improvements were brought to people. ( Lewin, 1990)

After the war, people of the colonies, that were owned and governed by French, decided that there is already time for them to rule themselves. There was a very sharp contradiction of this decision, but finally Morocco and Tunisia in 1956/57 were given their independence.

Algeria was supposed to be next, but there about a million of French there that were afraid of independent Algeria would pass laws to deprive them of their rather good working conditions which they were enjoying before.

Soon after that an open war between French and the Algerian broke out and finally after years of bloody fighting independence was approved by French government.

Kenya was another fighting colony. A rebellion against British was organized there. And was a drastic step back into the barbarism. But still a great effort can be seen that Africans made in order to get independence, even not able to cope with it. So, it became a sovereign republic.

3. Nigeria’s Hopes Failed

It was time when Nigeria was said to be the model of a self-governing nation in Africa. It is made of four separate regions that tend to be self-governing and also seems to have all types of resources to establish a good level of rich life. It became independent nation in 1960 and a republic three years later.

However problems almost immediately started and the process of development was slowed. The elections that took place almost divided the nation. People were not accustomed to self-government and democracy, and that all resulted in violence. Most people couldn’t read or write, so their participation in the elections was rather theoretical.

Nigeria was divided mainly into two parts. The Eastern region was made up of Ibos, members of the Christian church, rather well-educated. As result of their striving and education most of them gained jobs in central government.

There was also a Northern region, which was less progressive and was not very much educated. Later on Eastern region declared itself independent from the whole Nigeria. After some time, the struggle between two parts was partially stopped. But the rebellious spirit made negative impact on the development of the country. ( Lewin, 1990)

Nigeria today is very wealthy and prospering country, thanks to vast oil reserves. But still there is much to be done. Roads need to be rebuilt, but in general this leading African nation has a vital role to play in world affairs.

4. Congo- Troubled Land

It became obvious that getting independence in only the first thing in the chain of following problems for the people of Africa. And it is apparent that people that get the right to rule themselves, after many years of colonial state, need help.

Therefore, many economical and political changes were made that they can’t return to the tribal ways of living. Statements about democracy were not understandable to the most part of the population because of lack of education. They were familiar with law either. And also in order for Africa to prosper and develop in different spheres, people at first must learn how to use farm machines and industrial machinery.

After the power was restored to the Africans, and the apparent need for unity and struggle for their rights disappeared, tribal rivalries and old, almost forgotten jealousies came to the surface and distracted the main attention that should be paid to the development.

Congo became independent in 1960. Before getting independence it was a colony of Belgium. Congolese had many complaints at that time. Even though the ruling government provided them rather good working places, they were good only according to the regional standards. Most people had very low salaries, and the most businesses were owned by foreign investors. The school system was not well-thought also, as there were no higher education available and Belgium could not allow receiving foreign students.

All the ruling positions were taken by while owners and governors and that literally meant that blacks were without either voice or control in the government.

Eventually independence was proclaimed, as Belgium realized that the tempo of nationalism cannot be resisted. But the problem was with the fact that this process was so quickly managed that Congo was left in a vacuum in which its people, who were lacking education, skills, know-how and particular type of thinking, were not able to fill.

After the Belgium government left, several Congolese leaders tried to take control over the country in their hands. Patrice Lumumba was one of them, the first Premier of the Congo, was unsuccessful in putting down the violence that followed the events.

The new nation was divided and the United Nations sent military troops to restore unity and order there. In some way it was successful action, and after some time finally Congo was a nit unified even though shakily.

Government was very much inefficient and corrupted. However, signs of improvements were appearing from time to time. And at the time there was an opinion that the peace was the main concern, and only if it could be achieved, Congo might flourish and prosper. (Lewin, 1990)

On October 27, 1971, the Congo changed its name to the Republic of Zaire and there is only one hope that the change of the name would bring changes in economic and political spheres of life and guarantee their successful development.

5. Ghana vs. Rhodesia

Events in those two counties are rather important for investigating an idea about the reasons of the underdevelopment of Africa after getting its independence. Even more, they should be described and analyzed in contrast to each other.

Ghana is the name of an old and rich land, that it also very ancient. In its actions it was progressive. Schools and hospitals were constantly built there, that brought an opportunity of eradication of illiteracy and possible to more people to learn how to read and write. Ghana has a great university and comparatively big number of students in the college. And the democratic spirit, instead of autocratic, was everywhere.

In 1962 a new president was elected for life. In two years he was granted dictatorial powers. Those who were oppose him were immediately jailed. Dictatorship was established.

The example of Ghana is an excellent illustration of the country that began its independent life with hope. But later on, it became debt ridden instead of prosperous. Educated people from there could find only few opportunities. Its democratic beginnings turned into dictatorship.

In contrast, while independence of Ghana was given by Britain, Rhodesia itself did that and began struggle for its rights. The situation there was rather confusing. The political situation in the country was controlled by white population and the white governors refused to give black population right to vote. They made a decision to keep the black population forever out of government and consider them only second class citizens.

So, as Ghana was struggling to prove that blacks can rule well and wisely, Rhodesia was striving to prove that domination of the write culture in the only way for Africa to succeed.

Speaking about the other African countries it is important to mention that even though they got independence nearly at the same period of time, their interior processes of development were quite different. Let’s Coup D’Ivoire that get it independence from France in 1960. Until 1990, it was the model of political and economic stability, and after was a military coup with the consequences of economic breakout and civil war that divided the country into two parts.

Zimbabwe became independent only in 1980. Until that time there were numerous contradictions for non-racial elections that were finally held. Namibia is another country, which is rich for its mineral resources such as gold, diamonds, uranium and lead. It was under Portuguese and South Africa’s influence for many years which controlled production there. Fishing is another great business in the region.

6. Conclusion

In the conclusion, I would like to summarize that there is much to learn about in Africa. It is full of unfinished businesses, the problems related to the establishment of a new nation, to teaching people to write and read and basic tasks related to education, to gaining experience as to the self- regulation, and to establishing of a prosperous economy.

Usually the process of development and establishment takes much time. And that it is the price paid for inexperience and haste. Probably if Africans were more patient and allowed colonial powers given them greater training, they might be able to govern themselves more skillfully.

Also in all African nations the gap between advantaged and disadvantaged must be diminished. And as it was already said, everything takes time. “For some countries, a deep and continuous divide has remained unresolved. Sudan and Chad, for example, are divided between an Arab Muslim north and an African Christian south. Both countries have suffered destructive civil wars over the decades. In Uganda, the divide was very broadly between the Baganda of the south and Acholi northerners.”

In Southern part of the continent people were cutting ties with Britain and Portugal, but still keep the white minority rule in the country, excluding black population. And numerous fighting that were the result, were violent and destructive basically the structures of the conflicting countries. That lasted for many decades, and South Africans were the last ones among the others who gained that majority rule. By the way, the South and its political and economical life were greatly distorted by the conflict called Cold War between America and USSR.

It is apparent that receiving economic independence was much harder them political one. In some territories agricultural production was destroyed by droughts and famines, and in other economical development was stopped by interior wars. Attempts to create strong manufacturing basis mainly failed, and African currencies were very unstable and could not be easily converted to more widely spread ones.

All those negative trends in all the spheres of country’s life caused the intervention of western institutions. And also as result, many people migrated to other places in seek for better life, better conditions, stable political and economic situation and quality of life.

History shows that people of Africa are capable, imaginative, creative and hard-working. And they simply need time, help and support in working out their problems and government, economy and society that is equal to the possibilities of the vast continent that they occupy.

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Renaissance Dissertation

Dissertation on Renaissance

The term "Renaissance" derives from the Latin world “rinascere”, which means rebirth and revival. It was first implied in the 19th century to describe intellectual and artistic revival, inspired by a renewed interest to Ancient Classical art and culture. Italy became the motherland of Renaissance, which began in the early 14th century and reached its peak in the early 16th century. By this time, it had spread to France, England, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and other European countries. This period was marked by the dynamic changes in all spheres of life, which followed strict and ascetic period of the Middle ages with its religious domination and censorship of the Church. Middle Ages is the time, which is often called an obscure and dark time in history when all the sciences were limited by the needs of the church and art and culture were neglected and defined as “dirty” sinful and filled with evil temptations.

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Renaissance with its new ideas in art, astronomy, science, literature, mathematics, philosophy, religion, and politics became a breath of fresh air for the society suppressed by the religious dogmas and rules. Not satisfied with the existing state of events, Italian Humanists of the Renaissance period turned back to the culture of Ancient Greece and Rome. This ancient culture with its cult of human beauty, naturalness and thirst for life became a source of inspiration for the progressive intellectuals. It is absolutely natural that it was Italy, who became the centre Renaissance as it was the cradle of ancient Rome civilization. Greek and Rome gods were ‘restored’ in their right and put back on the top of the secret mountain of Olympus. Ascetic and strict lifestyle was replaced by the splendor and luxury, which were so popular in the ancient times. Ancient Greek and Rome authors were reread and interpreted in a new way, ancient plots became very popular among the contemporary authors, sculptors and architectures turned to Greek and Roman forms and patters. Theology, which controlled all the spheres of life, was pressed by the renewed and transformed Plato’s teaching which got the name of Neo-Platonism and became very popular during the period of Renaissance.

Since the accent from the religious life was displaced to the life temporal the Church ceased to be the only dominant power in art and culture. During the 15th century, artists gained support of not only churchmen but also of private collectors. These gave a new push for the development of new subjects in literature, painting and sculpture. Private collectors created the demand for pictures of secular subjects in addition to religious themes demanded by Church. Now painters depicted legendary heroes, ancient goods and mythological episodes often derived from literary sources. Noble and wealthy citizens wanted to be glorified and this has created the great development of the portrait painting. Piero della Francesca, Mantegna, and Botticelli were among the most prosperous portraitists of those times. Medici had the leading role among the Florence patrons and the have created a circle of intellectuals and artists around them. Medici gave a shelter to large group of poets, philosophers and artists. Botticelli and Michelangelo were profoundly influenced by Neoplatonic philosophy developed in the Medici circle. Passionate patrons of the arts, literature, and learning, Medici led to Florence’s becoming the richest repository of European culture. The paintings of Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi known all over the world under the name of Botticelli fully reflect the ideas of the early Renaissance.

He was the principle painter of the Medici family. Both of his most fundamental works Primavera and The Birth of Venus were created in the palace of Medici. The Birth of Venus is one of the greatest masterpieces, which combines classical ideas and Christian values. As mentioned above, Botticelli was the follower of Neoplationism teaching. Beauty and divine love of God were basic notions of this teaching and these fundamental ideas are fully reflected in The Birth of Venus. The picture depicts the classic Greek mythological goddess of Love – Venus. But the picture has another layer of expression. Venus depicted by Botticelli represents Virgin Maria at the same time. It is a unique combination of the theme of divine love of God presented by the spiritual part of the Venus and natural beauty of the human body expressed through the classical theme of Venus as an ancient goddess. Renaissance discharges the beauty of human body and takes away the stain of depravity from it. The Birth of Venus fully reflects these new ideas and depicts the beauty of human body. Nudeness was regarded by Botticelli like something natural and even more, it was a symbol, symbol of “naked truth” which had nothing to hide and nothing to be ashamed of. “In the name of beauty, he felt free to tamper with space and perspective and to mistrust form as a sheer representation of nature.” (Baxandall, Michael. Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy, p 22). Realistic depiction of space, which can be found on the most of Botticelli’s pictures became common for Renaissance art.

But not only genre of painting was transformed by the fresh wind of Renaissance. Other spheres of art were also changed and sculpture wasn’t an exception. Actually, sculpture was the first of the fine arts to display Renaissance traits. Michelangelo Buonarroti, another prominent figure of Italian Renaissance known for his wonderful paintings and frescos was not only a painter, but also a sculptor.

His sculpture David is recognized as a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture and one of the best sculptures, produced by him. The sculpture portrays David – the Biblical character. It’s a marble statue about 5 meters tall built with the help of disegno - a special discipline of sculpture based on the detailed study of proportions and specialties of human body. When working on the statue, Michelangelo has mentioned that the figure already exists inside of the stone as a divine creation of God and all he had to do was just to chop out the extra parts to help it appear. David is naked. He is portrayed at the moment when he decided to engage Goliath. Michelangelo has a created an impressive combination where he has depicted the Biblical character in the classical style peculiar for ancient Greece and Rome. It’s a unique combination of the Biblical plot and antique technique. Michelangelo proved that human body can be the object of admiration and that religion can be combined with other aspects of human life. Michelangelo believed that God and beauty could not be separated and that beauty was the only language God could talk to us.

Architecture was another sphere of art, influenced and changed by Renaissance. I would like to set Santa Maria del Fiore as a bright example of Renaissance architecture. And thought this cathedral was built during several centuries and had impregnations of different styles, Renaissance is still the dominating one and Santa Maria del Fiore was and will be an immortal example of Italian Renaissance architecture. And thought it was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio in 1294 when Gothic was the dominating style in architecture it was not alike with the architecture patters of that time and was drawn towards the style of Italian early Renaissance and became its excellent example when completed by the branch of talented architects, such as Giotto, Francesco Talenti, Alberto Arnoldi, Giovanni d’Ambrogio, Giovanni di Lapo Ghini, Neri di Fioravante after the death of di Cambio.

Filippo Brunelleschi, one of the brightest architects of the Italian Renaissance has constructed the first ‘octagonal’ dome in history for Santa Maria del Fiore. It was a unique construction of the largest dome built without a wooden frame. The idea was borrowed from the Roman Pantheon, a circular dome, built without support structures. Later these domes became a calling card of the Renaissance architecture. Marble floor, lantern on the tope of the cupola and luxurious decorations complete this splendid composition.

Renaissance has changes the world culture and way of thinking and Italy was in the heart of this changes. During this period of rebirth and seeking for the new values, Italy became the cultural center of Europe and gave to the world more talented people than all the countries taken together. Such outstanding artists as Leonardo da Vince, Michelangelo, Raphael, Botticelli, Donatello, Antonio Pollaiuolo, Castagno, Petrarch and Boccaccio and many others lived in created their masterpieces in Italy. These names have changes the face of European culture and made the entire world know about Italian Renaissance.

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How to Write a Dissertation Proposal

How to Write a Good Dissertation Proposal

A dissertation proposal is your writing step in achieving your PhD degree, that is why it is very important to prepare it perfectly, because your future career will depend on it. Writing a dissertation proposal is a time and energy consuming process. You have to spend hours at the library researching your topic. You must be ready to write it every day to be able to complete it by the deadline. Most students have problems with writing their proposals, because they do not know how to organize their work. Our writing service will provide you with professional dissertation proposal writing help.

Dissertation Proposal Writing Tips:

1. The most important thing is to choose a proper proposal topic. When you are interested in the topic, you will research it eagerly. It is very important to choose a narrow topic to limit your research. If you have chosen a broad complicated topic - concentrate on the one of its subtopics. For example, if you have to write about English literature, do not write about everything chaotically, choose a single period or a writer and research this narrower subtopic.

2. The most difficult thing in the dissertation proposal writing is clarity of your thoughts. You should write your proposal in such a way to make it understandable for people who have never heard of your topic, whose knowledge in your field is limited. If you still can not achieve this point - continue working it out. Rewrite your proposal several times, consult your dissertation proposal adviser, your friends, other students. Finally, you will manage to present your thoughts and ideas clearly.

3. You must remember that if you want to organize a successful dissertation proposal - consult your adviser who will show you the right way, recommend literature and provide you with dissertation proposal requirements which your proposal is expected to meet. When you know exactly what you are expected to cover, it will be easier to prepare the right dissertation proposal, which will satisfy your professor.

4. Start writing your dissertation proposal as soon as possible and never delay it. Write at least something every day, because it is impossible to cope with it in a day time. Focus on your main topic, do not lose the general idea and keep your proposal concrete. When you finish your proposal - show it to your adviser. He will point the weak sides of your paper and you will concentrate on improving the quality of your proposal. Do not be nervous, when you are to rewrite some paragraphs of your dissertation, because it is impossible to complete a good proposal at once.

We hope our dissertation proposal guidelines will help you write a successful paper. If you still have questions and need quality dissertation proposal help - we are 24\7 at your disposal.

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How to Write a Thesis Proposal

Writing a thesis proposal is not an easy thing, because the quality of your whole thesis will depend on your proposal. Thesis proposals vary greatly in different institutions but they have common features which are standardized at all universities. If you want to create a successful thesis proposal, our writing service will eagerly provide you with professional thesis proposal writing guidelines.

Thesis Proposal Writing Tips:

1. First of all make a framework for your thesis proposal. The framework should include the topic of the thesis, the methods of your research, ways of collecting data. A good thesis proposal must cover nine main points: introduction, problem statement, research questions, specific objectives, methods, expectations, timeline, publication plan and references. When you organize your thesis proposal in such a way, your adviser or professor can easily define the key points of your thesis.

2. Generally, a thesis proposal must cover 20 pages. Try to organize your proposal properly and add a title page, a table of contents, a work plan and a list of references. When writing the introduction be sure you have described the research you will be doing and how it is related with your discipline. Try to persuade the reader that your topic is extremely important, that you are really interested in it, and want to deepen your knowledge in this field.

3. Writing about the research questions, organize your thoughts in such a way to prove that these questions or problems are really worth clarifying and researching. When you present the methods of your research, try to name as many methods as you can, because it will prove that the results of your research are reliable.

4. Predict the possible results of your thesis. Write what you want to achieve. It will be reasonable to be quite ambitious and write that you hope that your thesis achievements will be a considerable contribution into the human knowledge or into your particular discipline. Do not forget that your thesis is not just a step to gain your degree but the foundation of your future career. That is why try to be creative while writing your thesis and thesis proposal. Fresh ideas are always valuable, so try to prepare an informative dynamic thesis proposal to catch the reader’s attention.

We hope our thesis proposal writing guidelines will help you create a good thesis proposal which will meet all requirements of your professor. You are welcome to join our web site 24\7 if you have problems and questions concerning writing a thesis proposal paper. We are always ready to provide you with professional thesis proposal assistance and thesis writing help.

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Dissertation on China

The advantages and disadvantages of the People’s Republic of China entering the World Trade Organization

Introduction

This dissertation abstract is aimed to find out what the advantages and disadvantages are for People’s Republic of China considering joining the World Trade Organization.

The integrative processes going in the society have determined the existence of different international unions; one of the most important of them is the WTO. Sooner or later any country will have to choose whether to take part into international unions or not; China’s leaders have decided that it is better to become a member of WTO.

I have to admit that though there are supporters and opponents of the idea of entering the WTO by China, the purpose of this dissertation research is to take into consideration all factors and estimate the situation in an impartial way.

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1. The World Trade Organization

Since technology and means of communication between countries are actively developing throughout the whole world, the interaction between different institutions in these countries is also increasing in geometric sequence. Naturally international trade is one of such rapidly developing subjects and therefore requires own management institution.

The World Trade Organization is the international body dealing with trade rules between different countries; it includes a lot of agreements (bilateral and multilateral) between world countries, which are the basis for international trade transactions. Besides the most important function of legalizing trade rules between countries, the WTO also has other functions. The main of them are the following: removing different obstacles for free trade within the organization, as long as it doesn’t have a negative impact on the economy of a particular country; to unite and formalize trade treaties among its members, and one more function related with the previous one – to solve conflicts and arguments between countries concerning different issues (for example the recently discussed steel tariffs).

The main principles of the WTO are the following: non-discrimination, liberalization, transparency and predictability, and removals of distortions to trade. In general the WTO contributes to the welfare and economical development of its members as well as helps to increase the competitive ability and quality of the goods, improves trade specialization of countries.

2. The preconditions of China entering the WTO

China now has “the characteristics of a developing country and yet also possessing massive industrial and agricultural potential as well as significant technological and intellectual property capability” [2, p. 215].

China is a unique country concerning its political and economical system, it actually represents the combination of Marxism ideology and principles of free market economy; it is ruled by the bureaucratic administrative system, which is though slowly developing and changing to better due to constant liberalization of public life and economy.

China left the GATT in 1949 and was since that time practically withdrawn from the possibility to develop an active international trade system. The leaders of China have used various protectionist measures to reduce import to their country and to stimulate export (which was still rather difficult because of the lack of interaction and corresponding agreements with potential trade partners). As a result of this, the concurrence inside the country was on a rather low level and most industries and agriculture had little stimulus for development. The step-by-step liberalization has somewhat improved the situation, but the progress of Chinese economy still remains slow compared to China’s extreme trade and industrial potential. During the last decade the economy of China has been very stagnant despite different simulative measures taken by the leaders of the country.

China has taken several attempts to enter the WTO but these attempts were blocked, mainly by the US and EU, because of the inconsistency between the demands of WTO and actual state of law regulations and economy in China. The leaders of the country didn’t want to reduce entrance barriers for foreign firms; other problems were the refusal to reform and to some extent denationalize the banking system and numerous violations of the intellectual property rights in China.

The economical situation within the country has been gradually changing; China has signed numerous trade treaties with world countries, and the leaders of the country decided to make another attempt to enter the WTO. In 2001 China was finally accepted as WTO member, and in my opinion, there was a number of reasons for it. I believe that most important reason were the gradual development of Chinese economy and its increasing importance as a trade partner; also I think that the tragic events of 11 September 2001 were also a reason that quickened the entrance of China to the WTO: the world economy was seriously shaken by those events, and trade equilibrium was about to be lost. The strategic importance of Chinese market and the new opportunities for all members of WTO in case of China’s entering the organization made for accepting this country as the WTO new member.

3. Possible advantages and disadvantages for Chine entering the WTO

The main advantages for all countries entering the WTO are the new trade opportunities and reduction of trade barriers and import tariffs; for China this means a significant increase of Chinese goods export and the efficient stimulation of Chinese economy. Entering the WTO will contribute to liberation and further progress of Chinese economical system; it is most likely that interaction with the members of the organization will stimulate the banking system of China, of course it will also support the positive development of Chinese economy. There is an opinion that Chinese law system will be radically changed because of entering the WTO: due to the necessity to work with foreign lawyers new laws have to be accepted by Chinese leaders and in my opinion, a significantly different law system will be worked out as a result of such economical collaboration. Generally speaking, all branches of economy and related industries will have the opportunity to develop intensively and rapidly, and this is, in my opinion, the main advantage of entering the WTO for China.

Speaking about disadvantages, I have to mention that Chinese enterprises will experience serious concurrence from more developed, equipped, well-organized and effectively managed foreign firms. Due to the long dominance of administrative system of ruling over the development of free market in China most enterprises and firms there are not accustomed to free concurrence conditions; moreover, there exists an opinion that China lacks the proper personnel to work in the conditions of free concurrence and open economy. The policy of protectionism led to weak and slow development of Chinese economical agents, and many economists fear that these firms will not bear the concurrence with more experienced foreign exporters.

One more possible disadvantage is that Chinese system has not yet been properly adjusted to working within the international trade system; entering the WTO means starting active trade processes, concluding treaties and organizing export operations. China doesn’t have the necessary management system to fully experience the advantages of entering WTO, there will be required a lot of effort to accept the changes brought by the international trade partners. The Chinese acceptance of international laws means that there will appear social, economic and political challenges to the society, and it is obvious that though such challenges will be faced at once, the economy of China is not ready to use the new trade advantages most effectively.

Basing on this, a lot of experts say that China will not benefit from entering WTO and that its economy is unable to accept such challenges. In my opinion, this statement is not true. Chinese economy has been step by step approaching to market economy, and I believe that the time has come for China to open the barriers and become an active member of international community.

There will be significant changes in different branches of Chinese economy; first of all, in the sphere of telecommunications: China has signed a number of agreements concerning mobile services, internet service providers and telecommunications regulation. Wide development is predicted in retailing, wholesaling and logistics.

Concerning Chinese law system, there is a gap between the so-called “law-in-theory” and practical law which is likely to be eliminated after entering the WTO; some authors[4, p. 58] think that entering the WTO will change he whole culture of decision-making and dispute settlement in China. Continuing the tendency, I believe that the whole approach to human rights will after all be changed in China.

Also, there may be indirect changes not actually relating to the acceptance of the WTO demands by China, but which may rather be “a result of the more liberal environment that WTO accession will bring” [1, p. 194].

Conclusion

In my opinion, domestic effects entering the WTO for China will be positive for the long-term economic perspective but raise significant political, social and distributional challenges. It is also important to remember that China’s accession has untested potential to alter the shape, structure and content of the international trading system as a whole and to facilitate a new role for China in international geopolitical affairs.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on China topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on China from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Dissertation on Volcanoes

Earthquakes mainly occur around the Pacific Ocean and the coastlines bordering on it. These are the coastlines of: eastern region of Asia and Oceania, and the western region of North and South America.

A pattern of earthquakes continue around the coastlines of the following regions: Chile, Peru, west Mexico, west of U.S.A., South of Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Japan, Philippines, Vanuatu, and Fiji islands. Some earthquakes occur off coast. However, based on the map on Q1, these earthquakes generally occur within approximately 150km to 1000km range, from the above regions.

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Active volcanoes are not scattered over the Earth randomly. Instead they tend to bunch up close with each other in particular regions - especially the regions that are bordering the Pacific Ocean. Active volcanoes occur on the coastlines or in-land of: eastern region of Asia and Oceania, Western and central region of Africa, and the western region of North and South America.

Volcanic eruptions tend to occur frequently on the following regions: west Mexico, western region of U.S.A., Aleutian Islands, far eastern region of Russia, Japan, Philippines, Vanuatu, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Mariana Islands, northern New Zealand, Kenya and Uganda. Although most volcanic eruptions occur on coastlines, based on the map in Q1, they can occur inland by up to 500 km away from the nearest coast.

In terms of where they are located, volcanic eruptions seem to occur, more bunched up in specific places, whereas the earthquakes seem to be more spread out. An example would be volcanic eruptions in the eastern Russia and Mexico. Volcanoes in these regions are located closely together - less than 200km apart. In contrast, the earthquakes in the western border of South America are more spread out, although they do leave a clear trail that continues from the North West end to the South West end.

Volcanic eruptions generally occur at a distance of some hundreds of kilometers from the majority of earthquakes. However there is a relationship between the two.

The surface of the Earth (the crust) is broken into units called plates. These plates float over the hot asthenosphere, and move around 1 to 10 cm a year. At the boundaries where the plates meet is where most volcanic eruptions and earthquakes both occur. An example would be a clear pattern of earthquakes and volcanoes called the Pacific ring of fire, occurring on the edge of the Pacific plate.

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