Dissertation on Nursing

Introduction

The four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm as described in Orem's theory are: Person Environment Health Nursing My perspective of the four concepts has changed somewhat after studying Orem's theory. My thoughts of the "Person" have become more focused on to one that is the recipient of nursing care only when they cannot administer self-care. My view of the "Environment" now includes a developmental environment. My previous understanding of "Health" did not include such emphasis on health promotion and health maintenance. My view of "Nursing" now includes the understanding of the importance of nursing theory as applied to practice settings and in the development of nursing as a profession. Person Orem describes the person as a patient; an individual functioning biologically, socially and symbolically. She describes the person as having the capacity to learn and develop, has the capacity for self-knowledge and is capable of engaging in deliberate actions to meet their self- care requirements for the maintenance of health.

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She also states that if the individual is incapable of taking care of him / herself, then others must provide the care. The others in this case can be the nurse or a family member. She states that individuals are subject to the forces of nature. Orem through her theory self care deficit has put forth the idea that people can benefit from nursing because they are subject to health related limitations that render them incapable of continuous self-care. Wesley (1992).

In other words when the individual's health breaks down for whatever reason, the nurse is there to come to the rescue by doing what is in her power to help the health related problem either on her own or with the collaboration with other health care professionals. Orem's definitions have crystallized my own thoughts on treating patients as intelligent people who are much more capable of learning about how to deal with their illness than often given credit for by health care professionals. It emphasizes the need for communication and patient education with regard to administering self care and that receiving hospital help is a supplement to the patient's own self-care efforts.

In the past when people entered hospital they were treated as passive recipients of care. Orem's theory supports the shift in emphasis to the "Person" and self-empowerment towards self-care. Environment Orem's concept for the "Environment" not only covers the actual physical surroundings and social or psychosocial elements but also addresses developmental aspects. My original thoughts concerning the "Environment" were mainly along physical and social surroundings and that the developmental element was really another concept.

However, on further reflection it does seem appropriate to include these three aspects under one concept since they all impact on the "Person" to various degrees. Orem's theory presents a more comprehensive definition of the environment. Traditionally care for the patient's environment focused on physical and social aspects, such as noted in Florence Nightingale's theory. Orem conveys the importance of creating a developmental environment for the patient, which establishes goals and the desire to achieve them.

These goals can include improved attitude and physical development, which ultimately can have a profound impact on the potential recovery of a patient. Health One can not discuss health without mentioning health care, which has become a major concern for Canadians today, with health costs spiraling out of control. There is an increasing need to explore alternative methods to deliver care. This growing population in need of health care forces a shift from the traditional medicine, where the patient is passively cared for, to a more proactive recipient who is informed and capable of making decisions, which affect the direction of their care.

This self-responsibility is a new movement in health promotion today. This is not a new concept to nursing theorist Orem who states that human beings have the potential to develop their cognitive and psychomotor skills as well as the motivation essential for the actions required maintaining health. McBride (1999). One of the concepts that is consistent throughout her theory is the emphasis on self care, where the individual takes responsibility for his or her own health and takes actions to promote health and maintain it to prevent illness. Hartwig (1989).

She views health as the opposite to illness, where the individual can help prevent illness by participating in the universal self care requirements. In recent years there has been a shift in the role of the nurse from predominantly caring for the sick to one of health promotion and disease prevention. The nurses are placed in a role of assessing strengths and limitations and implementing appropriate measures that will allow the individual to return to health and well being. My view of health did not incorporate the concept of health promotion and maintenance.

Orem views health as something one must not take for granted, but rather one where the individual must participate in a process of self-care activities for the maintenance of health and well being. Having studied her deblockedion of health, I find it much more applicable to the nursing paradigm since it refers to health maintenance. It also refers to health as being a process that requires continual maintenance. Therefore the status of health is never stagnant but rather an active process of growth which varies with the individual throughout their life.

For example, in Orem's developmental theory, she notes processes such as reproduction and aging cause an alteration in the universal self care requirements. Her theory also guides the nursing education to further the clarification of health promotion using her model. Her model is in tune with the present day health needs of our society, with a strong emphasis on prevention, which promotes self-care. The promotion of health must become an essential part of the individual's life, which includes being physically active, eating healthy and having a supportive network to assist the individual in handling stressful situations.

She states that self-care is an adult's continuous contribution to his or her continued existence of health and well being. Hartweg (1989). Nursing Orem identifies the role of the nurse through her theory, which has three related constructs: self-care theory, self-care deficit and nursing systems theory. Her central idea is the belief that people can benefit from nursing because they are predisposed to disease, which can interfere with their ability to participate in self-care on an on-going basis. She believes that the ability to care for ones self is not inherent but must be learned. These behaviors must be regulated through development and integrity. Marriner 1998.

I accept her deblockedion of the nurse, which is a practical one. The nurse is used as a facilitator of care for the patient through the Nursing Systems Theory, which establishes the structure and content of nursing, by using the nursing process to help individuals meet therapeutic, self-care demands for those with limitations to engage in self-care or dependent care. Her theory has been used in many practice settings not only in North America but also in Europe and Asia.

Her theory was used for purposes of patient education for post-surgical patients, the self-care concept was growth producing for the nurse and the patients, as well as having the potential for cost-effectiveness. Rehabilitation centers found her theory useful in the evaluation of patient outcomes, where the focus of the units was the fostering of maximum self-care. Orem s theory also guided practice in discharge planning for self-care with the help of method-specific interventions that assist in discharge readiness. Alligood (1997).

The focus on community based health care today, where patients are discharged from hospital early requires, that patients become more self-sufficient with regard to self-care. Her general theory is not only useful in guiding and developing practice; it is also useful in nursing research both using qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The theoretical entities are well defined and lend themselves to be measured because their empiric indicators have semantic clarity and simplicity. Her theory is also useful in the design of graduate nurses as well as continuing education.

It has provided an invaluable tool in the development of computer based systems used in the structuring of and the delivery of care. Orem's theory of nursing could be viewed as timeless in that it is continually evolving to meet the changing needs of our society. She believes that nurses should be educated in theory development thus creating a relationship between what they do and what they know, thus leading to a heightened level of professionalism. Marriner (1989) Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory put nursing in the unique position of being differentiated from other disciplines by the development of the Nursing Systems Theory. Other disciplines have used the self-care theory and contributed to its development but the Nursing Systems Theory is unique to nursing only.

It gives direction to nursing specific outcomes related to knowing and meeting the therapeutic self-care demand. Orem is not only one of the most accomplished nursing theorists of the 20th century, she also has a visionary view of nursing for the 21st century with regard to education, practice and knowledge. I now have a deeper understanding and appreciation of what Orem's theory has contributed to nursing both in the practice setting and the development of nursing as a profession.

I now have a more optimistic outlook for the future of nursing and the further development of nursing through Orem's theory. Conclusion Having studied Orem's theory I have a new insight into the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm. I see how these concepts interrelate to form the paradigm of nursing. I see the Person as a patient who has been empowered towards self-care. I see the Environment with the extra dimension of developmental theory that can impact on the patient's recovery. I see Health as requiring continual maintenance and promotion of disease prevention by the Person. I see how understanding Nursing theory can improve patient care and lead to ongoing development of the nursing profession.

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Dissertation on Persistence

One of our great presidents said the following: "Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not, nothing is more common. Genius will not, unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not, the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent."

Of all the "Keys to Success", none of them more easily turns the tumblers of the lock of success than Persistence. We are certainly aware of the power of persistence...we see it all around us. It's on the television, or we hear about it on the news, and read about in the newspapers--people who have faced great difficulty or misfortune and have rallied something deep within themselves to keep trying--over and over again, through setback after setback, obstacle after obstacle, through hardship and often pain and have stayed the course to realize the object of their desire.

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I have observed a problem common in most people who want to be successful in life. That is, most of them, while fully aware of what it takes to succeed, are willing to do "some" of the things necessary to achieve, but not everything. They pick and choose, most often it's the easy things, or those activities that are not too demanding and present the greatest opportunity for success--even if it really doesn't move them toward their goals. If things get too hard, they simply abandon the project and move on to something else. They really don't put forth the effort necessary to meet the challenge. They look down the road and see the whole of work and effort required to reach their goals, and think of all the hard work involved, the complications and difficulties; as a result they choose to do nothing...except make excuses.

Most people attending the emotionally charged "Motivation" seminars and speeches come away from the event with a new sense of commitment, determination and fervor that is rivaled only by a "born again" experience. However, many, without the understanding of what it takes to become truly successful, hit a snare or two and proclaim to anyone who will listen that "This stuff doesn't work." I think a lot of the more popular motivational speakers do a grave disservice to those who pay very good money to hear them speak, and all the attendee receives is a lot of "pie-in-the-sky" hype with no real direction or techniques on how to apply what they've heard. Of course, some of them will tell their audience that they have to persist, and it sounds relatively easy when they say it--but IT ISN'T! These people go on to believe that all they have to do is think positive and all their dreams will come true. They aren't told of the mountains they will have to climb; the setbacks they will inevitably experience; the occasions when they will doubt themselves and their sanity; the criticism they will have to endure at the hand of those who have no understanding at all of what it takes to succeed in life; the times when you know you have no more to give; the times when giving up becomes the lessor of two evils--when failure is an easy pill to swallow. Please let me inject something here. You can only fail when you cease to try any longer. And if you are not prepared for what you must face, and committed to see it through, you will be very disillusioned when storms come and the winds blow. Now, I'm not saying everything you'll do to reach your goal is going to be difficult. All kinds of obstacles will present themselves, some of them will be pretty hard and you'll think there is no way you'll ever overcome this one, while others will be so minor you'll overcome it with little thought or effort.

It is important, perhaps more important, to enjoy the journey of success than to reach your destination...to have fun in the process. But, please, be aware that the down times will come. What these times should show us are opportunities to strengthen our resolve and commitment; to develop that positive characteristic and tenacity needed to triumph over this challenge.

I meet people all the time in my seminars who have "earned" success. They relate times when they were on track to achieving their goals and dreams when out of nowhere they were blind sided and the rug was pulled out from under them. Some of them had to start all over again, not just once or twice, but several times.

Have you seem the new NikeTM commercial with Michael Jordan. Jordan says he has lost 300 games, missed over 9000 shots, and when the game was on the line and he was given the ball to take the winning shot--27 time he failed. He goes on to say, "I've failed over and over and over again...and this is why I succeed."

This commercial says volumes to those who believe there is no place for failure, or setbacks in the process of becoming and being successful in life. Sometimes, the only way we discover what will work to help us along the road of success is to discover what will not. Probably the only people on this planet who have not made a mistake are those who have never tried anything of consequence. We've talked about this before. Failure is our only real teacher. If we don't learn from our mistakes, we are doomed to repeat them. Repeat them enough, we either search for something else and persist, or we give up, blame others and make excuses. But failure (I'd much rather call them challenges, obstacles, or setbacks) is no reason to stop trying. The right to fail is just as important as your right to succeed. Personally, I don't know of, and have never read or heard of anyone who has become successful without that success being hinged on failures...and lots of them. The difference between them and the "also rans", or should I say, "the also signed up's, but quit along the way," is that they persisted. They knew the sun would shine and the rains would come, also. They prepared themselves because they knew that on the other side of adversity, once they broke through the barrier, there is always a reward which outweighs the struggles and hardship. Only those people who are willing and determined to try and try again after suffering setbacks, refusing to be beat down and be listed among those who had dreams, but didn't have the faith in themselves nor the courage or strength to lift themselves up and try one more time. Some of these people will never know if this "one more try" will be the key to unlock the door that leads to the wonderful life of successful achievement all men desire.

Only those who patiently and systematically apply themselves and persist will be rewarded with the joys, satisfaction and accomplishments they seek. G. B. Shaw said, "Success does not consist in never making a mistake but in never making the same one a second time."

People who are successful, by whatever terms they define success, have seen in their imaginations a life for themselves and those they love so exciting and inviting. They feel their dreams are far too important not to take the actions necessary to make them real. They work hard and persist minute by minute, hour by hour, day by day, year in and year out to make their dreams something they can finally see with their eyes and touch with their hands.

It is impossible not to be struck by the awesome power that comes from persisting when coming face to face with those moments when all you have is the faith of your convictions and the white hot fire of desire; those moments when everything you believe about yourself and what you are really made of is challenged; those moments when everything is on the line and it's time to perform. It is times like these that nothing else you've done matters more than your ability, right now, to persist! It's times like these that will determine whether or not you will succeed or fail. Understand this, you will not win every battle. You may not overcome every adversity, but you can be assured that every effort you put forth and continue to put forth will give you the courage and commitment to keep trying, to keep persisting--and this, my friend, WILL guarantee the victory of the war.

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Scholarship Dissertation

I've always had a fascination, or rather, a sort of veneration for Scientific Management, and of course, Taylorism. Many didn't approve my idea of wasting time on a degree in Operations Research and Management Science, or so they called it. But for me, the plan was always the same: Follow my heart. Wild as it may seem, losing out on a chance to do an MBA and straightaway getting into the higher salary brackets, pursuing a career in Operations Research, a not so illustrious career choice as thought by many Indians, was what confused many people. Yes I have a dream, that of running an organization of my own, but I have my own ways of going about it. This was all they got from me. I made my choice, to pursue a challenge, a passion. A choice to diverge from the mainstream path into an exclusive specialization in a single intellectual realm, with a serious commitment.

Getting an M.B.A. makes perfect sense for a lot of people, most M.B.A.s. are successful. But getting an M.S. in Operations Research makes even more sense in my particular case: it is the perfect academic supplement to my engineering background, one I need to become a leading edge high-tech consultant in the field of Management Science. Detailed technology understanding plus profound business and group skills, is a rare combination that really can get the career rocket roaring and this is the mix of knowledge and skill I intend to gain during my graduate program in Operations Research. This is certainly true for me, and I think that this is one of my most important and convincing reasons for taking up a degree in Management Science. I can make a niche for myself, specialize in something as sound in theory and practice as OR, yet not wanting in any of the skills needed by a manager.

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Having spent considerable time in the field during my internships at the Defense Research and Development Lab, the Nuclear Fuel Complex and Voith Turbo, an exclusively Operations Research oriented career certainly is the opposite of what I am interested in. No error, but that is what I exactly do not want. A specialization very dedicated can work wonders with a career but one that is too completely stuck does not. Guaranteed career progression comes only of mastering a core competence yet not lacking other relevant skills. This I believe in, and hence follow.

During my internship at DRDL, I was assigned to the Production Planning and Control Division, and was asked to lead a group of 5 to work on various jobs like Scheduling, Machine Assignment, Resource Allocation and Routing. It was a demanding job, especially because we had to learn it the hard way. No teachers, only books. A mistake was unimaginable. We hadn't yet come across the subject of OR in the class work as it was scheduled in the next semester. We groped to solution by Trial-and-Error method and often, speculations. Only after some advice from senior officers did we get to know of the existence of a mathematical theory for all such problems. The science of Operations Research. In subsequent internships, I worked with other teams in developing OR solutions and generating algorithms. We even developed software for Voith Turbo. It was then that I was caught in the intrigue of OR.

So what is it I am truly interested in? I want to be where the wars of business are fought, with brains as weapons. I want to go to office at 9, with a handful of challenges and come back home at 5, satisfied that I could win a few of my not-so-easy wars, and learnt a couple of lessons about what not to do. This is where, I believe, I can make my best contribution. In short, I want to be where the action and the challenges are. I want to be where I am not guaranteed an easy job, but where I have to face challenges that always find me.

For the career I want to make, in terms of abilities, I believe I am well equipped with my engineering background. OR demands a lot of quantitative skills, and I've had 24 credits of Math in my degree. I have scored a 740 on the GMAT, with a 92% in Math. As for the programming element, in addition to the C language included in my undergraduate course, I have acquired proficiency in other contemporary programming languages, viz. C++, Visual Basic and Java. In terms of attitude, I have never felt more confident and positive. Through industrial exposure, I have come a long way in getting myself prepared for the task.

And here are my concrete plans after graduation: I shall take up a job for some time in an organization dedicated to providing OR solutions to gain the necessary work experience. It can be in the UK, or Europe or Asia. I aspire to come back to India after graduation and start an enterprise of my own, committed to providing OR solutions and giving the essential commercial exposure to the science in the Indian industry. But frankly, these are just a few options I can pinpoint now, and I am sure that many more will become apparent through my experience during the program. Abiding by my belief in continuing education, I plan to pursue a part-time degree in Decision Support Systems, which is a bridge between the hard technique oriented science of OR and the soft practice centric Management.

Apart from aspiring a successful career, I have always tried to balance my economic wants and my social responsibilities. I do not call myself a social activist but I never let a chance to get involved in community development pass by. I had a chance during my first year of college, which was not as demanding as the subsequent years were, to participate in a pilot project by the Tata Consultancy Services, a literacy campaign making use of sophisticated audio-visual aids and state-of-the art computer software. Throughout the summer vacation, I immersed myself in the campaign, and to be very frank, was satisfaction personified when I saw my adult students being able to read a newspaper in the local language. The second participation was in social data acquisition. It was a micro-level planning campaign by the state government that needed huge educated manpower. Engineering students from various colleges were invited to join the campaign and I did utilize the chance to take up some social responsibility. Some day, I hope to balance these two facets of my life, closest to perfection, and shall be in pursuit till then.

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Dissertation on Salvador Dali

Through his art, filled with deviant and thought-provoking abstract images, Salvador Dali has made his mark in the world as being one of the most famous Surrealists. Surrealism is a 20th century movement dealing with the workings of the subconscious and is characterized by fantastic imagery. (Mishka 2001) His art is popular with modern society as well as art enthusiasts. His paintings explore the connection between fantasy and reality, stemming from the subconscious mind.

Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali was born in Figueres, Spain, in the Catalonia district, 1904. Catalans are said to be energetic, creative, and interested in making money. 

(Etherington-Smith 1992) Dali possessed at least two of these attributes. His energy was not shown as physical in a sense; rather it was displayed in the stroke of his brush, in tune with his creative subconscious mind.

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One of the reasons Dali's works were so eccentric stems from his early childhood. It is said that Salvador Dali was born twice. The first was born in 1901, but died on August 1, 1903. His father, also called Salvador Dali, couldn't come to terms with his firstborn's death, so he named his second born Salvador Dali as well. His parents talked about his dead brother often. (Rojas 1993) This fixation on their dead son had a long lasting effect on Salvador Dali himself. Dali said "All the eccentricities which I commit, all the incoherent displays are the tragic fixity of my life. I wish to prove to myself that I am not the dead brother, but the living one." Dali felt he was only half himself for a period of time through his father's eyes, his other half being his elder brother. (Etherington-Smith 1992)

Dali's greatest influence was Roman Pitxot. Pitxot was a central figure in Barcelona-Paris who was close friends with Pablo Picasso. Dali's father was a notary, also an influential figure in the district. He started his practice with the business of the Pitxot estates. The Pitxots persuaded Dali's father to encourage his son in art after realizing the talent he had. The Pitxot family was able to show Dali a larger world of culture in art, music and literature. Without their help, who knows whether Dali would have recognized his remarkable gift. (Etherington-Smith 1992)

Salvador Dali was not the most social kind of person. He painted in solitude, and during a period in his life he painted as soon as he awoke until lunchtime. Dali used the interaction with everyday people in his own work. He once said "I regarded most of the people I met solely and exclusively as creatures I could use as porters in my voyages of ambition." (Etherington-Smith 1992) This outlook on life helped tie the subject of his paintings to the fantasy of his mind.

Dali's paintings reflect the images hidden in his psyche. The landscapes that appeared in many of his works were based on the rocks of Cape Creus, a place remembered by Dali from his childhood. (Mattie) It is easy to find elements of everyday life in his paintings. These elements are not what makes Dali's paintings stand out. It is the twist on the subject and the flow of uniform detail that catches the watcher's eye. The Persistence of Memory is a good example of Dali's unique view of reality. The picture represented a landscape near Port Lligat, with rocks lighted by an evening twilight. (Gibson 1997) He used a technique that put unusual, dream-like images as the subject over a bleak landscape.

Salvador Dali painted The Persistence of Memory in 1931 as oil on canvas. It contains a few simple objects set in a barren landscape. A tree with a single branch holds a clock drooping lifelessly over the outstretched branch. The dying tree is set atop a large wooden box on the left side of the canvas. Another clock hangs limply on the edge of the box. Below the tree there is a closed pocket watch with ants crawling over the top of it. The landscape ends as a body of water blends into the horizon. The formation of rocks near the water appears to be worn away and cracking.

Dali's use of color gives the painting a dreary overtone. There is nothing too bright that would draw the attention of the eye to one location. There is a lot of space between the central humanoid figure and everything else. The only discernable trait about the figure is a single closed eye with a brow and a nose. These characterize the shape as human, but it contains no other human traits. The rest of the figure trails off through the use of curved lines. The figure is draped on its side with a melting clock on top of it, as if signifying an eternal sleep.

Dali painted The Persistence of Memory just after World War I and before World War II. Everything in the landscape is dead or decaying, even the tree. The painting represents the forgotten memories of past wars, resulting in a war that ends with the destruction of humanity. The ants signify death and decay while the clocks, man made objects, begin to melt and fade away. The painting acts as a wake-up call to those who forget the aftermath war has on man-kind and the world we live in. The Persistence of Memory is probably the most widely known Surrealism painting, and there is no question why. Everyone can relate to the images and ideas flowing through the painting. Everyone is affected when it comes to war, whether directly or indirectly. There is a connection to reality in the painting as well as a tie to unrealistic, dream-like images that give it a deeper meaning.

The Paris Surrealist Movement and "The Interpretation of Dreams" by Sigmund Freud, which contained the theory of the unconscious, played important roles as influences to Salvador Dali's art. Dali was almost infatuated with Freud's theory as he sought to depict images not in their true form, but by their associated form created by the mind. He strived to achieve a better understanding of the subconscious meaning to these images. A group of French surrealists gave him an outlet to discuss techniques and ideas, but because of his lack of interest in politics he was eventually shunned by this group. (Borghi) Dali was able to display his art in Surrealist group shows along with other artists, including Pablo Picasso. This helped him to gain fame as being one of the prodigies of the Surrealist Movement, with successful paintings such as the Board of Demented Associations and Night-Walking Dreams on display. (Gibson 1997)

Night-Walking Dreams was completed in 1922 as watercolor on paper. Dali's intention was to depict a late-night foray through downtown Madrid. The piece contains different shades of black and white with a hint of tan dabbled throughout. There are many figures and shadows of people displayed in a city marked by luminous, windowed buildings. All of the male figures are wearing black suits, representing the city life. There are eyes everywhere, whether human or animal. Most of the eyes have no pupils. They appear to be staring blankly ahead as if uncaring as to where the night leads them. City lamps cast dark shadows over figures in the open, while other shadows are cast by figures in hiding. There is a person falling through the air while another has his head tilted back as if both are depicting a dream-like essence.

Dali uses his lines well, contrasting from light to dark, revealing shapes that blend together to create stairways, clocks, and wine glasses. All of these items represent a night life that a city holds within its limits. There are references to churches such as multiple crosses and church bells on top of buildings. They appeal to the onlooker as a reminder to the sin that goes along with the night life, as well as the guilt the people choose to ignore. One figure in the center of the painting stands out. He is crouched over with his hands covering half of his face, either to block out the shadows lurking around him or in fear of the guilt he feels in what goes on at night. He is one of the only figures containing pupils in his eyes. He is aware of everything around him, real or unreal, while all the others are still dreaming, oblivious to their own actions. Through Dali's use of light and dark space on the canvas figures are able to blend into buildings or stairways flawlessly.

It would be hard for anyone to go his or her entire life without seeing at least one of Salvador Dali's paintings. His paintings show images that bend and burn into the mind, allowing one to see passed the sick and vulgar subjects, and appreciate the artist for his bravery in what he was willing to put on the canvas. There was no end to Dali's imagination as he included the reality of the world inside and outside of his own mind into his paintings. His creativity was present in every painting, from a simple portrait to a complicated and detailed flow of brush strokes, ending in a surrealistic, visual story. Dali was able to use his style of art to make people see things in a different way, twisting the original image into something deeper, found in the recesses of his subconscious.

Salvador Dali has truly given meaning to the world of Surrealism. When it came to painting, Dali threw the rulebook out of the window. His work has not only influenced other artists, but it has helped define an entire movement. Dali's unconventional style has allowed people to realize that art does not have any standard definition as to how the idea is conveyed. His connection between fantasy and reality is astounding, and is prevalent throughout many of his paintings. Even today people revel in his insight into the subconscious mind as well as his creative ability to project the images on canvas. Salvador Dali's ideas, talent, boldness, and style have helped establish his role as a quintessential artist in the world today.

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T.S. Eliot Dissertation

T.S. Eliot is considered to be one of the most prominent poets and playwrights of his time and his works are said to have promoted to "reshape modern literature"(Britannica). He was born in 1888 in St. Louis, Missouri and studied at Harvard and Oxford. It was at Harvard where he met his guide and mentor Ezra Pound, a well-known modernist poet. Pound encouraged Eliot to expand his writing abilities and publish his work. His published work was alarming and little to find enjoying. He gained the ability to write poetry filled with wisdom while adding his own passionate language. Eliot received the Nobel Peace Prize for literature in 1948. His poetic nature changed as he matured and the issues that associated society.

Irrespective of the subject Eliot's themes were cynical and pessimistic that emphasized society's role. As a whole, the works of T.S. Eliot an influential pessimist depicted the public's position as a moving culture faced with conflict. As a radical innovator whose poetry represented the harsh realities of England in the 1920s, T. S Eliot magnified England's society through a fine tooth comb.

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Incidentally England was then an expanding industrialized empire and did little to mollify the working class, whose political discontent was no doubt aggravated by the social upheaval, brought about by the Industrial Revolution. The 1914-18 war marked the end of the Victorian-Edwardian age, it was described as an age of social, political, economical reformation in society, where one sought to erase the old order and replace it with a completely new set of values. But Eliot was never interested though contented to examine the habits of the old order and contrast them with the new hopes and fears without offering solution. Such an example is "Ash Wednesday". Mainly in free verse his careful choice of deblockedive words is the main reason why his poems are constantly discussed.

Eliot's poems one might say are nauseating because of the strong courage he exerts to emphasize his perception. Society in 1920s neither expected, nor was ready for Eliot's view of the world. They were disgusted and appalled by Eliot's poetry soon to realize it was their lives he was articulating. An example of one of his poetry is the "Morning at Window", where strong effective words are used such as "rattling", "sprouting despondently", "trampled" "aimless" all conjuring a bleak mundane atmosphere.

In this poem Eliot slightly advocates to the lower class. He repeats similar words throughout his poems, words he really likes and adds the undercurrent of irony. An example is "twisted" where he uses "Twisted faces" in "Morning at the Window", "Twists like a crooked pin" and in the same poem "last twist of the knife"(Rhapsody of a Windy Night). Readers realize he is not merely poetic out of anger but finds joy out of creating cynical expressions and gasp at his menacing character. He's indeed articulate to an extent that even his poetic structure relates to the theme.

For example there isn't any punctuation in "Morning at Window" till the end of each stanza. The continuity of long sentences suggests the long monotonous life of the servants who are metaphorically revealed in the poem. A similarity that occurs in all his poems is the first stanza where he sets the scenes, which are mainly murky and dark. All seem to have a penetrating aura of magic "lunar incantations"(Rhapsody of a Windy Night) but are distort and destroyed by the realities of the actual town and its events.

In "Rhapsody of a Windy Night" a misanthropic poem, is Eliot's deblockedion of a working nightmare. Lines like "Dissolve the floors of memory", Madman shakes a dead geranium" all evoke a sense of violence and aggression. From the beginning Eliot's epigraphs and opening lines alarms the readers whether to continue reading or not. Even phonetics played a big part in his poems, with certain letters deliberately repeated to emphasize and establishing the tone and point of the poem.

Certain strong s-sounds "scuttling across the silent seas"(The Love Song by J.Alfred Prufrock) emphasizes lack of purpose. Certain "sounds are also used commonly in most of his poems - "And now a gusty shower wraps" (Preludes), "The street-lamp sputtered, the street lamp muttered" again to emphasize his point. Eliot's awareness and knowledge of different languages are clarified through his extensive use of other languages especially French supposedly the "language of love". He uses it to express his point clearly and sometimes in languages words may have a deeper meaning to get the gist of an emotion.

Such examples are "cauchemar"(Portrait of a Lady) and "La lune ne garde aucune rancune" (Rhapsody of a Windy Night) even in French he malignly describes society. Generally the personas in his poems are on a journey, which lasts throughout the poem and appears to have no fixed destination. Only in the physical sense do they seem to be going nowhere and this is due to the fact that in both an emotional and intellectual perception each persona reaches some kind of awareness. (E.g. The loved song by J.

Alfred Prufrock) All of the themes in his poems can be briefly summarized as issues relating to social classes and their mistreatment, fulfilled longing desires, loneliness, relationship misfortunes, anti-Semitic, antifeminist etc. His poems are journeys that penetrate deep inside his subject and theme which are all pessimistic. He entertains and keeps the excitement and tone upbeat by repeating phrases to form a sort of chorus to a song. We tend to sing to the chorus of a song first then learn the whole song; similarly here his main theme is illustrated in the repetitive phrases.

Especially his long poems where he establishes the scene in his first two stanzas, describes subject in the rest but the second last stanzas usually express an insight to a fantasy, a positive image, a hope in life then he naughtily drowns and dissolves such thoughts with sordid paradox images in the remaining last lines. "Till humans voices wake us, and we drown." (The loved song by J. Alfred Prufrock) The modern reader may find T.S Eliot's poems distasteful and hostile due to the cynical perspective he portrays in his poetry. He informs the reader of certain human circumstances whether they are resplendent or disturbing. Many of his poems are associated with death and dreadful elements.

Although one might occasionally, want a reality check a subtle approach would be appreciated but Eliot's emphasizes and reiterates the sufferings of life. Death, loss, failure, misfortunes that all relate to today's society in nature. Modern readers would find little to enjoy because the elements criticised are still issues discussed today. Sexual discourse, relationship misfortunes, suppressed emotions etc, are all current issues of society.

Being anti-feminist (lines 16-20 Rhapsody of a Windy Night) in today's society isn't popular because of the large amount of opinionative women, his poetries would be left isolated. Personally I enjoy T.S Eliot's poetry solely because of his sceptical view and his articulate phrases that conjure forceful images, emphasizing the ironic truth. Eliot in his time was an individual who passionately connected to society by providing a window into individual thoughts, while everyone was too ignorant and afraid to allow themselves to question. He expressed the hurtful truth. For someone engrossed to produce vivid pessimistic imagery, I do believe he had experience his themes expressed in his poetry, during his life.

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Dissertation on UFO

Project Sign, was the first UFO investigation in America. Its operations began in January 1948. Project Sign had a low security classification, and a high national priority. Project Sign was later transformed into the investigation of Project Grudge, then Project Blue Book. From the beginning, some believed UFOs were Soviet technology, and others believed that they were extraterrestrials. I believe that UFOs, and extraterrestrials truly exist among us. This can be substantiated by the volumes of evidence from many government investigations, documentations from many eyewitnesses, and physical evidence, such as, the appearance of crop circles. I think that some of the government investigations have been covered up to hide what they really know, and what they have seen. Dr. J. Allen Hynek joined the Project Sign investigation in early 1948. Hynek was not impressed by the 200-plus reports Project Sign first studied.

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Hynek, at first, believed UFOs to be nonsense. He joined the Project Sign hoping to prove that the mysterious objects in the sky were nothing more than misidentifications of a natural phenomenon, or manmade objects, or else the work of hoaxers. He believed that UFOs were figments of the imagination. Others in the Project Sign agreed with Hynek's philosophy. However, on January 7, 1948, the investigations of a UFO sighting led a pilot, Kentucky Air National Guard Captain, Thomas F. Mantell, Jr., to his death.

Around 1:30 p.m., the Kentucky State Police had received information about a large flying object with red lights from Maysville, Irvington, Madison, and Owensboro, Kentucky. This flying object was visible to the control tower at Godman Air Force Base. A pilot, Captain Mantell, was asked to investigate this situation.

Mantell would have passed out at 25,000 feet from lack of oxygen. The New York Times was the first to publicize his death, revealing that the Air Force claims that, "Mantell died chasing Planet Venus." However, Jim Marrs, the Godman Air Force base commander told reporters he watched the UFO for nearly an hour with binoculars. It is highly unlikely that he was observing Venus for sixty minutes. The last radio transmission heard from Mantell, was, "My God, I see people in this thing!" Project Sign ultimately said that Mantell had not been chasing Venus, but he had been chasing a secret Navy Skyhook balloon.

Venus would have been a tiny pinpoint below him, not above him. A similar UFO investigation was reported over North Carolina, a few days later. On July 24, 1948, Captain Clarence Chiles and his First Officer reported a UFO while they were piloting. They were flying at 5,000 feet, with the moon shinning, and a clearing in the clouds above the plane. Around 2:45 a.m., the pilots saw a spacecraft in the sky. At the time, they had assumed it was just a jet plane.

But as they got a better look for about five to ten seconds, they noticed it to be wingless, cigar in shape, having two rows of windows, and a bright glowing light. There also seemed to be a blue glowing light coming from underneath the craft. Project Sign officers investigated this sighting seriously, and concluded this spacecraft to be extraterrestrial. All the copies of this report were ordered to be burned by the U.S. Air Force Chief of Staff. The word of the burning got out, and the destruction of the documents was seen as evidence of a government cover-up. In February 1949, the Project Sign staff completed their final report, classified "Secret".

This report said that, "All evidence so far presented the possible existence of the possible existence of space ships from another planet has been largely a matter of conjecture." On the other hand, the analysis of the Chiles sighting, the Project Sign staff stated "it is probable that the method of propulsion of this type of vehicle is far in advance of presently known engines." The Project Sign body thought they had done an excellent job explaining all the cases assigned to them, but seven. However, I don't think they hadn't actually explained anything. None of their evidence was that exclusive.

The members of Project Sign reported the objects in the sky were in fact UFOs, but there was no major evidence they used to back up their proposition. They didn't explain anything. They needed real evidence, like an actual finding of a UFO, a UFO crash site, or a finding of an alien life form. The members of the staff, who supported the extraterrestrial theory, were discouraged by the way things were going. The news and media eventually discovered the existence of Project Sign. These sources referred to it as Project Saucer.

In February of 1949, the project was renamed to Project Grudge. In Project Grudge the UFO data became the key priority. In addition, an attempt was on its way to turn off all interest in the phenomenon. Overall, the reports of Project Grudge were unclear. For reason like, lack of staff, and under funding, Project Grudge did not get the job done. They also failed to lose the interest of the American public pertaining to UFOs. Captain Ruppelt then took charge, and "the new improved" Project Grudge began. Better reports were then made. The Air Force and air traffic controllers also received orders on the proper way to handle an unusual sighting.

These procedures were known as Communication Instructions for Reporting Vital Intelligence Sightings, (CIRVIS). In February 1954, the Air Force instructed for all commercial pilots to send UFO reports to the intelligence department of the Military Air Transport Service, in Washington D.C. The commercial pilots were asked to never mention to the press what they witnessed. Of course, hundreds of pilots then protested this decision and signed a petition. However, nothing came of the pilots protests. Major Donald Keyhoe, a believer in ufology, protested against the Air Force secrecy of information.

On August 25, 1951, the "keepers of the secrets" had a major dilemma, when bluish lights were witnessed over Lubbock, Texas. These lights lasted for several days, and could be seen all over western Texas. A chemist, physicist, geologist, and a petroleum engineer concluded that these lights "were under intelligent control." A college freshman took pictures of these "Lubbock Lights", and the Air Force tried to dismiss the pictures as the reflection of light from streetlamps. Ruppelt investigated these lights for Project Grudge, and ruled out the lamppost theory.

He ruled it out easily because the objects were in areas far from town. The final conclusion made by Ruppelt five years later, stated that these lights were purely a natural phenomenon. After awhile, some staff members, both skeptics and believers were dismissed if they had confirmed themselves not capable of being open-minded about all new statistics and sightings reported. With all the new additional changes being made, the Air Force changed the name of Project Grudge, March 1952. It was called Project Blue BookThe first change Ruppelt made, was changing the name of a flying saucer.

He wanted to give a more precise definition of what is being studied, so Ruppelt introduced the term "Unidentified Flying Object", or UFO. The Blue Book Team kept an open mind of the subject. Ruppelt learned this from the previous Air Force attempts. Ruppelt also introduced a questionnaire about UFOs, to make is easier when collecting sighting data. Ruppelt become aware that UFO reports seem to rise and fall during different seasons. He found that sightings especially occurred in July, near industrial centers, seaports, and military areas.

In 1950 alone, the Air Force reported 210 sightings, twenty-seven unidentified. In 1951, there were 169 UFO reports, with twenty-two remaining unidentified. Project Blue Book data showed a build up of UFO sightings on the Eastern Coast of the United States in June 1952. There were sixty reports a week, coming into the Air Force, the first three weeks of July 1952. By the middle of July 1952, the Project Blue Book staff was swamped with over 100 UFO reports each week. However, on December 17, 1969, the Secretary of the Air Force announced the halt of Project Blue Book.

While Project Blue Book was characterized as the authorized government investigatory unit for UFOs, "some still believed it to be nothing more than a front." Some people may even think that the Blue Book was a public relation revealing operations, while a secret group was taking the important UFO reports behind the scenes. We will probably never know. I have discovered that the government investigations I researched have historical significance, because they have marked a big spot in history, forever. Project Sign was the first investigation ever in America dealing with UFOs.

In the year 5001, Americans, or maybe American-Alien hybrids, will think back on this period of time when people were first learning about what a UFO was. These investigations could have marked the beginning of our future. Before the first reported investigation in America, there was hardly a significance in the word "UFO". Some people didn't even think about an extraterrestrial life hovering over us until the government stepped in to do investigations. The first investigation of Project Sign caused many people to speculate whether UFOs were real, or just an exaggerated media headline.

These events, of supposable UFO sightings, also cause people later in time to believe they had been abducted aboard this spacecrafts, and became part of various alien examinations. The reason this topic interests me is because I want to know what the government has discovered while investigating UFOs. I don't want to be naive of the information the government has been controlling. I don't want the government to think they can sneak right by me, without being questioned. The government's ability to maintain secrecy can only diminish as time goes on. If the truth is eventually made public, and UFOs truly do exist, pure pandemonium will break out.

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Dissertation on Ukraine

Ukraine is situated in the southeastern part of Central Europe and has its own territory, government, national emblem, flag, and anthem. It borders on Russia, Byelorussia, Moldova, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, and Poland on land and Russia, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey on sea. After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics.

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The main Ukrainian River is the Dnieper. It is one of the longest European rivers and one of the republic's main sources of hydroelectric power. The Dnieper and its tributary the Ross had been the cradle of the Ukrainian and Russian people in immeasurable time. Due to favorable climatic conditions, Ukraine is traditionally an agricultural area. It grows wheat, maize, buckwheat and other corn, red and green vegetables, all kinds of fruit, melons and berries.

Ukraine is one of the world's main centers of sugar production. It produces sugar both for her own needs and for export.

The country is rich in natural resources, such as iron ore, coal, color metal, oil, gas, mineral salts, clay and potential water power. It has developed a varied industry, concentrated mostly in and around big cities. It produces planes and ships, lorries and buses, motorcars and locomotives, computer and electronic equipment, precision instruments and agricultural machines, TV and radio sets, chemicals and textiles and various consumer goods.

Under the conditions of radical changes which took place on the world arena in the period from late 80-ies to early 90-ies the people of the newborn Ukrainian state chose their own way of development. Primarily aimed at creation of a democratic, legal and socially oriented state where the rights and freedoms of man are honored and the force of law prevails. Ensuring state independence, territorial integrity and immunity of state frontiers became a priority means of internal revival and development of the Ukrainian State, protection of national political and economic interests on the world arena. On the basis of these priority tasks, the foreign policy of independent Ukraine and its key foreign political priorities are determined.

From the time of the proclamation of independence, Ukraine has been building its foreign policy on the basis of full adherence to the norms and principles of international law. In the course of the millennia the historical destiny of Ukrain has been determined by the two important main lines of communication going over this region. In the first place it is the diagonal route from Europe to Asia, which during the different epochs has been going over north or south of Maritza River. An important role for the economy of the region was the river itself.

Plovdiv and Edirne in 1873 have been intensely used for carrying good by water from the inside of Thrace to the Aegean sea and vice versa. The strategic situation lead to the strengthening the position of the Fares, where the main exchange of the production and buying of the import goods. The biggest fare in the European Turkey - The fare of Ouzoundjovo has been organized in this region and it had a duration of 40 days and has been visited by 20 000 to 30 000 merchants, and sometimes their number was even greater. The biggest was the commodity turnover with Austria, England, and France.

In 1999, researchers of Economics Department of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences focused their efforts on investigating complex and conflicting processes of economic reforms, overcoming the economic crisis, and creating a basis for stabilization and transition to economic growth. Considerable attention was given to the issues of macro-economic, fiscal, scientific and technological, innovation, investment, agribusiness, regional, environmental and demographic policies. The research also covered social aspects of Ukraine development, in particular, development of labors potential and labor motivation, social welfare, and social insurance. A set of problems related to the country's foreign economic policy and ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy was investigated.

The researchers studied the influence of the integrated regulation mechanism of the state and market on reproduction processes, allowing for the effect of pricing, taxation, investment, innovation and fiscal policies, as well as foreign economic relations. Revealed was the character of the influence of these factors on the formation of real incomes and costs, creation of accumulation and consumption funds and dynamics of socioeconomic development. The processes of market transformations in agriculture were also investigated.

The Department's researchers solved philosophical, methodological and information problems of forecasting Ukraine's economic development on the path towards financial stabilization, obtained model-based evaluations of its development in separate economic sectors, and carried out simulation-based medium-term calculations, using different economic-policy scenarios. We studied theoretical problems of developing models for financial forecasting, stabilization and economic growth in Ukraine, with due regard for external and internal factors of forming the economic policy, as well as its influence on the status and prospects of the country's economic development. (I. I. Lukinov)

A system of sectional forecasting models was elaborated. It was oriented to forecasting economic growth with a simultaneous iterative approximation to preserving basic macro-economic proportions. The interaction of these models can be seen in the construction and coordination of basic indicators of payment and monetary balances the system of national accounts and balance of the state budget in the system of models for forecasting the Ukraine's economy.

In the year under review, the development of a fundamental research "Forecast of Development and Allocation of Productive Forces of Ukraine in the long-term Perspectives was completed. Within the framework of this work, the economic potential of Ukraine and directions of its efficient use was investigated, taking structural changes into account. The development of Ukraine's economic complex, its pace, proportions, and structure were analyzed. The development of industry, agribusiness, construction, recreation, and other sectors was investigated, as well as transports and communications. The country's scientific, technological, natural-resource and human potential was investigated, as well as its social sphere, human resources, employment and labor market. Principal directions of sustained development of the state and ensuring of its environmental safety were studied. Foreign-trade activities and territorial organization of productive forces were analyzed. Basic provisions of the concepts and priorities of development and allocation of Ukrainian productive forces up to 2010 were specified, structural changes in macro-economic indicators were studied, and their forecast-based evaluation was made.

Current trends in regulating economic activities in a mixed economy were investigated, the erroneous character of the concept of the state's non-interference in the economy being revealed. It was concluded that to form an efficient well-developed mixed economy in Ukraine, an integral regulation system for the whole sphere of economic relations is needed. It would in the optimum way integrate active state regulation with market and competition. It was shown that in the grave economic situation, existing when destabilizing factors are fully operative, the leading role should belong to the stimulating function of economic legislation.

Issues of institutional provision of corporate sector development in the Ukrainian economy. Conceptual and philosophical problems of lowering the resource-intensity of the national production, development of competition at the stage of market transformations, competitive policy as a factor of economic growth, as well as formation of industrial-and-financial groups in current conditions, were comprehensively investigated.

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