Dissertation on Trade Unions

This dissertation addresses the introduction of trade union recognition agreements and its role in the 21st century workplace. The report commences with the definition of trade unions and what the aims, objectives and prime functions are. We then go on to look at the structure and trade unions and identify who is involved within this organization. Once we have distinguished trade unions, we proceed further and take a look at the role of the Central Arbitration Committee (CAC), (the organization responsible for dealing with certain aspects as the trade union recognition agreement), lightly touching on how the policies and procedures are formulated, and again, who is involved in the process.

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Here we look at the core aims/objectives and primary functions of the CAC, before moving on to the growth and decline of trade unions - identifying why it was necessary to have a recognition agreement introduced. We then go on to analyze how organizations survive with trade unions and how they endure without trade unions. The report then proceeds on to look at the legislative requirements for a trade union recognition agreement and identifies which procedures must be carried out by different organizations, (where they apply), before a union is legible for recognition.

Once this has been achieved, we progress on to summarizing the article by identifying what type of issues the trade union expects to get involved with, within the organization, and what other agreements the trade union introduces to work along with. Finally, the report concludes the trade union recognition agreement and how successful it is or is not. 2.0 Trade Unions Trade unions are the most collective form of organization to any employer. They are a mechanism for change and can also be seen as a means for improving communication. It can be seen as an institution for implementing a source of ideas from employer to employee, in order to improve the organization.

Even though trade unions proceed on the basis of collective bargaining, not every individual's accounts are taken into consideration. This is because, mainly generalities are formed to try and keep the majority happy. Performance related pay may also contribute to this. Everyone has the opportunity to use trade unions to create a channel of communication between organizations. This is due to factors like enormous sizes of many firms, and the given time factor. The most obvious threat is strikes.

Substantially big industrial strikes at, especially, times of economic in capabilities can cause havoc and chaos. According to Webb, (1920, p.1), a trade union is: "A continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their working lives". This is a classical definition that is perfectly relevant today also. However, it is not the only definition, as there are other opinions on how this should be viewed.

A more contemporary view can be found through Rose, (2001, p.12), provided by the Trade Union and Labor Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, which states that a trade union is: "An organization (whether permanent or temporary) consisting wholly or mainly of workers of one or more deblockedions whose principal purpose includes regulation of relations between workers of that deblockedion and employers or employers' associations". The main characteristics that can define a trade union are occupied from Blackburn (1967).

If the organization is able to fully incorporate the following characteristics, then it should be considered as a sincere and enthusiastic trade union: "The organization is able to declare itself as a trade union. "Identify and record itself as a trade union, with the Certification Officer which can then allow the organization to a special legal status." Identify and record itself with the Certification Officer as an independent organization, through the Certificate of Independence. "Associating itself to the TUC, Labor Party or by joining a group of unions." Prioritising it to function on the primary aspiration that ensures the maintenance and improvement of conditions of its members. "The possible use of authority to further its aims, which could for example be achieved by taking significant industrial action. Trade unions organize mainly by occupation or industry. An example of an Occupational Union is Manufacturing, Science and Finance (MSF), which recruits from non-manual, mainly managerial occupations across industries. An example of an Industrial Union is the National Union of Mineworkers which recruits exclusively from the Coal Mining Industry. 2.1 Objectives The main aims and objectives of trade unions are best summarized by the Trade Union Congress (TUC).

These are to: "Improve conditions of work in employment." "Improve the substantial atmosphere at work." "Get rid off total unemployment and national poverty." "Achieve secure employment and income." "Improve social security benefits." "Achieve fair shares of income between men and women." "Achieve industrial independence." "Achieve a government voice." "Improve public and social services." Achieve industrial control and planning through the public. (Adapted from Rose, E. 2001, p.13) The above mentioned points are those identified by the TUC as the main aims and objectives of trade unions.

However, some of these objectives remain yet to be achieved. 2.2 Main Aim and Functions The specific functions of trade unions can be found in individual Trade Union Rule Books. Here they are summarized under six headings: Collective Bargaining "Concerned with determining wages, hours and conditions of work for union members, and is a central function of trade unions. Safeguarding Jobs" Prime function is to keep union members in their jobs and protect these jobs.

They also deal with issues of redundancy, but certain legal requirements apply for a trade union to be consulted in this delicate matter. Co-operation with Employers "This function varies amongst unions and also between employers. Political Activities" The traditional role of trade unions here is to act as political pressure groups. This action may also vary between different unions as those affiliated with the Labor Party, provide a significant figure of the party funds. Provision of Social Services - Sometimes funds are provided for health, unemployment, and reasons of redundancy or death.

Legitimate strikes can also be catered for, depending on the size of the union and providing sufficient funds are available. Provision of Friendly Services - Again, depending on the size of the union, facilities may be provided in clubrooms, for leisure purposes. 2.3 Structure of Trade Unions Trade unions are self-governing organizations which are answerable to their members for their policies and actions.

Unions are on the whole replicated on the following structure: Members - People who have registered, by payment of subblockedion are legible to belong to a union. Shop Stewards - Elected by union members as representatives in front of employers (management). Branches - There to support union members on a local basis, from different organizations. District and/or Regional Offices - Here, the personnel are usually full-time union executives. It is the paid job of these people to offer advice and support to local union members National Office - The union headquarter, offering support to members and responsible for bargaining or operating for improvements to their working conditions.

The people at the top of the organization are elected by the union's members and normally consist of a General Secretary and a National Executive Committee. Unions Structure Diagram Union Members Shop Stewards (Union Representatives) Branches District and Regional Offices National Office (http://www.bized.ac.uk/compfact/tuc/tuc23uni.htm) 3.0 Formulation of Policies and Procedures Trade unions are controlled on the whole by the Central Arbitration Committee (CAC) who is responsible for drawing up related policies, and publishing procedures on a regular basis, for union members to follow, in the case of any work related disputes.

Even though the CAC, (a specialist body with statutory powers, able to approach its legislative responsibilities in a variety of ways, including legally binding decisions where necessary), has the final word over trade union decisions, if prompted, it does not provide legal advice/assistance, which is the job of the unions themselves. Laws and regulations regarding recognition agreements are developed and passed through the government.

This is the reason why trade unions hope to achieve a voice within a governing body, so that they are able to play a major part with concerning regulations. 3.1 Functions of the Central Arbitration Committee The main function of the CAC is to deliver judgment on submissions relating to the legal recognition and de-recognition of trade unions for collective bargaining purposes, where these cannot be decided willingly. It deals currently with three main areas of dispute, which are: 1. Statutory applications for recognition and de-recognition of trade unions; 2. Statutory applications for disclosure of information for collective bargaining; 3. Disputes over the constitution of European Works Councils. (Adapted from the CAC Annual Report 2002/03, p.12) 3.2 Objectives of the CAC The CAC's functions are based on achieving four main objectives.

According to the CAC Annual Report of 2002/03, published on 17th June 2003, the Committee was assessed and awarded accreditation for best performance measures and achieved targets in January 2002, based on its objectives, which are:

1. To achieve outcomes which are practicable, lawful, impartial, and where possible voluntary.
2. To provide a courteous and helpful service to all those who approach the CAC, by aiming to publish clear, accessible and up to date guidance and other information on their procedures and requirements.
3. To provide an efficient service and to supply assistance and decisions as is consistent with good standards of accuracy and thoroughness, taking into account the wishes of the parties and the statutory timetables.
4. To develop staff so that they are fully equipped to do their work and contribute to the CAC's aims. (Taken from the CAC Annual Report 2002/03, p.12) 4.0 Trade Union Membership Growth While comprehensive membership grew throughout the period of 1945-1979, union membership saw a slight decline in most years until 1967. However, in the 12 year period of 1967-1979, trade unions grew vastly due to a certain number of factors identified by Hawkins (1981).

Some of these growth factors include: "Rate of changes in prices and wages, or inflation." "Unemployment and the threat of unemployment. " "Employer recognition of trade unions." "Structural size of an establishment." "Growth of employment within the public sector, particularly in areas such as health, education and local authority." "Legal obligations to recognize trade unions." "Disinclination of women to join trade unions began to vanish as more women started to realize the importance of their rights. All of the factors mentioned, identified by Hawkins (1981), exercise, in one way or another, some kind of positive influence on trade union membership. For example, the structural size of an establishment would mean that large numbers of employees are likely to be treated as members of a group, rather than individuals. Hence, enhancing the reason for more employees to join the union and let the union representatives do what they do best - negotiate for the individual. 4.1 The Nature of Trade Union Membership Decline Waddington and Whitson (1995) have found, from their research, a widespread summary of the nature and dimensions of membership decline.

Based on this research, below are listed some of the main elements of decline, adapted by Rose (2001): "Male and female unionization." "Manual and white collar unionization." "Unionization by sector." "Unionization by industry. Even though trade union membership has seen large quantities of fluctuation during the 1980's and 1990's, a lot of the membership gains accomplished during the 1970's had been eliminated by 1987. According to Rose (2001), this is the longest period of decline ever to be continuously recorded since 1979.

The above factors contribute towards decline, as for example, take unionization by sector, where unemployment grew immensely amongst manual workers (agriculture, forestry and fishing sectors), employment rose dramatically amid non-manual workers. Naturally, the fall in the manual sector meant a decline in union membership and the sudden rise of non-manual labor showed a slow response to union member subblockedions.

This also may be due to de-recognition of trade unions as well the rejection to trade unions, of some applications submitted to the CAC for a recognition agreement. 5.0 Managing with Trade Unions Realistically, managements and trade unions learn to live together, often on a give and take basis, with the belief that neither of them would advance from an atmosphere of resentment or by creating regular conflict. It should be assumed in this situation that communal benefits would come from behaving in accordance with the spirit and as well as the letter of agreed joint regulatory procedures.

However, both parties should adopt a realistic pluralist position, recognizing the certainty of different view points and opinions, even disputes, but considering it best to resolve issues on a personal basis rather than consult for industrial action. Even though today, both organizations may be able to make an effort to get on with one another, management still considers giving industrial relations a lower priority.

However, management may feel that it is easier to continue to operate within a union as they provide a useful, well-established channel for communication and for the handling of grievance, discipline and safety issues. 5.1 Managing without Trade Unions The following points adapted by Armstrong (2001, p.774), show characteristics of union-free organizations: "Strikes were almost unheard of. - Labor turnover was high but absenteeism was no worse. - Pay levels were generally set independently by management. -In genera l, no alternative methods of employee representation existed as an option for trade union representatives. - Employees in the non-union sector are twice as likely to be dismissed as those in unionized firms. All the above factors indicate greater support to the management and the organization. However, there are significant differences that can be identified between unionized and non-unionized workplaces.

The downside of being employed in a non-unionized workplace is that for the employees are unable to negotiate with the same power as a union member. Thus, there will be little bargaining activity, and therefore, management will have total control over pay related issues as well as hours of work and holidays. 6.0 Legal Requirements (Practical Implications - Trade unions have the statutory right to be recognized by a reluctant employer, based on the Employment Relations Act 1999 (ERA'99), introduced by the Labor government.

The legislation is designed so that employers may willingly accept the integration of a union into their organization, providing there is a joint agreement on the terms of collective bargaining, between management and trade unions. However, where an employer refuses recognition, the union must comply with given conditions of the law in order to gain access. The trade union is required to submit an appeal to the CAC with supporting evidence of a signed ballot, (a minimum of 10%), by employees from that organization, stating membership with the union.

Based on the legislative conditions, if the CAC agree to recognition, then the employer is legally bound to communicate with the TU, and negotiate at least, matters concerned with pay, hours of work and holidays. In other circumstances, the CAC is not indebted to pass recognition unless a secret ballot is signed by employees with a minimum of 40% of signatures. Nevertheless, the Employment Relations Act 1999, does not apply to any organization where there are under 21 employees and so, the employer maintains full control over the organization. 6.1 Trade Union Recognition Once the trade union has gained recognition, it will want to get involved within the organization absolutely as much as it can.

Unions will want, in some respects, control over all areas of the organization and will want to change policies and procedures also.

They will get concerned with areas such as: "Pay" Discipline and grievance - Recruitment selection - Training and development Trade unions will also go to the extent of getting other agreements to work with them and make sure they get involved too, for example, health and safety agreements. 7.0 Conclusion Since the fluctuation period of trade unions, one can conclude that it is best for trade unions to not deliberately push for recognition within smaller organizations even though, those organizations might exceed the number of employees that legally bind the organization to be recognized by the trade union recognition agreement. However, employers should also acknowledge the existence of trade unions and therefore, voluntarily accept recognition on a minimum of issues such as, matters of pay, hours of work and holidays. It is in the interest of every employee to remain satisfied, within reason, in their work environment.

Employers also want the well-being of the company and ability to prosper on grounds of solidarity, whilst maintaining a good working relationship with its employees. Trade unions should concentrate far more strictly on larger organizations and deal with as much as possible within those organizations, by means of voluntary recognition, or by means of legal recognition. It is the larger organizations that go over-looked by the management of that organization and employees go treated unfairly. However, this does not mean that trade unions should not play a part within small organizations - they should.

Nevertheless, even though legislation for union recognition exists, within these small organizations, trade unions should not inflict deliberate trouble upon these companies, where there is no evidence of unfair behavior between the workforce and management. As we have seen from this report, trade unions and related organizations like the CAC and the TUC, all work around each other to provide help and support for people who, at work, are not knowledgeable enough to deal with issues that arise in the everyday work place. Everyone has their own way around issues and there are many similarities between these people and the organizations that integrate to get voices heard and personal rights or issues resolved.

However, trade union recognition is a problem which must be resolved, for the simple interests of employees, employers and their organizations. The whole purpose of trade unions is to improve and achieve full lengths of communication between employers and their workforce. The matter is simple, if employees are happy then employers will also remain pleased and organizations will run far better, (so long as employees rights, within reason, are met) and the majority will not complain.

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Dissertation on Parental Involvement

Parents play a very important role in influencing their child's education. When parents are involved, it benefits students, schools, communities, and the parents.

For some parents, the term "parental involvement" may lead them to believe that they must spend hours every day at their child's school. This is not true.

Parents can establish and encourage good homework routines, check their child's homework, talk with their children about school, limit television viewing, and make sure their children are getting enough sleep. Parents can also find a suitable time to talk with their child's teacher on a regular basis. Parent Teacher Organizations, if available, are also an excellent way that parents can become involved.

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The involvement of parents is not only necessary in the elementary level, but also at high school level. Children in the junior and high school age groups will start to exhibit independence, but this does not mean that parent's involvement should decrease or that they should not be involved any longer. Parental involvement continues to influence student achievement and attitudes through middle and high school.

The benefits of parental involvement are numerous, and extend to everyone. The student benefits from enhanced performance, better attendance, a positive attitude about learning, an increased chance of graduating, and a better chance of enrollment in college. Parents benefit from knowing what is happening with their child at school academically and socially. Armed with this information, the parent will be able to make wise choices that will, in turn, help their child's education.

The benefits to the school include higher teacher morale and an improved learning environment. Communities that have good schools and better educated residents are generally safer, more stable communities where businesses and families thrive.

Being an involved parent will not only help students to be a success in school, but will also help them to be successful their entire lives. Our nation will soon be run by the children who are being educated today. The more parents can be involved now, the more effective these children will be as leaders. 

How well educated do you want our leaders to be? If you feel it is important to our future, get involved now.

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PhD Thesis on FDI

As once small Ireland opened it's doors to the abundance of wealth and diversity of markets in the global economy the impacts of globalization have trickled down making Ireland the "Celtic Tiger" it is known as today. Ireland has successfully implemented a series of effective economic development strategies that have seen it sustain GDP growth of over 8%pa in recent years, government debt drop from 90% of GDP to 34% and the unemployment rate fall from 17% to only 3.7%. These strategies have concentrated on openness to FDI inflows (especially technology), tax cuts, trade and human capital development and the creation of a favorable business environment whilst support from the EU and effective planning have assisted along the way. Ireland has molded a set of development policies that have been targeted to take advantage of the opportunities of globalization. Ireland poised itself to benefit from larger FDI and capital markets created by globalization.

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It successfully implemented this "industrialization by invitation strategy" by creating a favorable business environment via continuous taxation reforms, deregulation and heavy reductions in restrictions on trade and investment, described by the OECD as a "light handed regulatory environment". Combined with its relatively low average wages and further government commitments into economic development, FDI inflows have increased dramatically boosting the Irish economies development and growth. Ireland now captures over 10% of US annual FDI flows from the US into the EU compared to 2.5% in the 80's while over 20% of US FDI in manufacturing, software and services goes to Ireland. This has seen Ireland able to boast a position of the second largest software exporter in the world and over a quarter of manufacturing in Ireland now carried out by foreign TNC's. With globalization creating greater convergence in global economic performance, Ireland through its interdependence with key US and UK markets has benefits from their strengths with rising export demands and investment. The establishment of organizations such as "Enterprise Ireland" has also assisted in expanding on this investment base.

From the Asian Tiger's, Ireland has also learnt that sustained economic development requires continual investment in human capital or education which the government has committed to significantly. The continual strong economic growth has also led to reductio ns in "brain drain", improving the quality of the workforce and along with specific structural taxation changes has led to a broadening labor participation force and a positive net migration rate all of which are contributing to healthier economic development. However this extreme growth has caused inflationary pressures and in an attempt to make the business environment even more favorable, a centralized wage system has been introduced in March 2000 known as the PPF to make Ireland's wage system more efficient.

Over the last decade Ireland has undergone significant fiscal changes in an attempt to increase efficiency and development. Personal income taxes have been reduced 6 times from 32&56% in 1990 to 22&44% in 2000. A result of this has been to increase personal disposable incomes which have contributed to the high growth rates and also to the high national savings rate of 23.1%. The standard rates of corporate taxes were reduced from 43% to 10% in the same period boosting the image of a favorable busine ss investment which contributed to increased FDI inflows and hence increased development of the Irish economy.

With entry into the Euro area in 1999 interest rates fell by 3% causing a rapid expansion in the credit base allowing for further development. The Irish government has since drawn the National Development plan or NDP involving expenditures of 17.6Billion pounds or a 28% rise on infrastructure and expansion. In an attempt to develop regional areas near Dublin easing the urban property boom and allowing for further industrial expansion possibly from foreign technology TNC's which have played a vital role in Ireland recently this plan is set to operate between 2000 & 2006. Furthermore Ireland is poising itself for continual future growth with the government strategically maintaining consistent surpluses of over 2% of GDP for the last few years to reduce foreign debt and allocate resources for future liabilities such as pensions. This has helped keep development sustainable in recent years but as the Irish economy matures into a developed advanced economy from its NIC status, a slowdown in growth and development is almost certain.

Globalization has assisted Ireland gain via specialization in the form of cheap skilled labor which resulted in the high growth in investment in the technology sector. The low starting point of its living standards relative to the rest of the industrialized world also portrays how the implementation of these successful strategies has elevated the Irish economy benefiting from globalization. Integration into the global economy has also helped Ireland as it qualified for economic aid subsidies from European counterparts worth up to $650pc . Integration has also meant that Ireland has been pressured to comply with global environmental standards including the introduction of water pricing, fair taxation on negative externalities such as fuel consumption, and the National climate change strategy which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20%. In the long run these structural development changes should result in greater sustainability of development but this comes at the opportunity cost of sacrificing short term development. Recently Integration has resulted in negative outcomes caused by the regional weakness in agriculture as a result of the foot-and-mouth disease and further pressure on exports created by the global slowdown accelerated after S11 especially because of the involvement in the conflict by the UK, one of Ireland's closer economic partners.

Several structural changes have also helped Ireland benefit from globalization, where its economy has shifted from mostly agrarian to a leading exporter in pharmaceuticals and software.

To keep its economy internationally competitive, Ireland is in the process of reforming its public systems such as local governments and planning authorities to increase efficiency that will trickle down into broader economic development and growth as experienced by similar nations world wide.

Ireland's economic development strategies have been reformed and molded consistently to maximize efficiency in benefiting from the opportunities created from globalization. These strategies have been implemented successfully and have resulted in phenomenal growth and development success lifting Ireland into a competitive and productive nation.

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Dissertation on Motivation

Summary

The author begins with a brief deblockedion about how the need for understanding African American youth in relationship to social and academic motivation. She goes in to discussing her experience in the school system and how despite efforts, the motivation of students remains low. The article suggests that along with the lack of competency, there is a lack of self-esteem and motivation. The article provides three biases in relationship to the author being an attribution theorist. Graham (1997) suggests that determinants of behavior are suggests to be attributed to causal attributions and cognition.

The second bias is that attribution theory is based on common sense. The third bias is with the methodology being explained on a conceptual level. The method to gather information is based upon self-reports. With these points in mind, the article demonstrates how causal attribution address "why" question (Graham 1997). The article suggests that the attribution content is very subjective to the individual. Attribution is suggested to determine behavior.

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This leads to the analysis of motivation in African American youth in relationship to biased attributions to intent. The first study discussed started with a conceptual analysis (Graham 1997). The sample included 300 seventh and eight graders in a low SES location. Using a teacher rating procedure and peer aggression literature, two groups were established. Members from an aggressive sample were placed with members of a non-aggressive sample. The sample used a short scenario and imagined a negative effect from the situation. Each participant then rated it on a prosocial, accidental, ambiguous, or hostile level being a causal condition (Graham 1997). There were four perceived variables of each group: Intentionally, anger, gets even, and have it out.

The study suggested that the way aggressive and non-aggressive African American teens reason social dilemmas, their decision is largely impacted by the way they feel about the situation. The second study presented was used to measure similar effects of aggression in relationship to intervention programs. There were 66 participants who were label aggressive according to teacher rating (Graham 1997). One third of the boys were placed in a control group, one third in an experimental intervention program and the remainder in an attention-training program.

The two experimental groups met twice weekly for six weeks and were taught by experienced African American teachers. Children's intention attribution, emotional reaction of anger and aggressive action tendency in hypothetical social dilemmas were collected before and after the experiment (Graham 1997). All groups varied minimum before, but showed change after the experiment. Mean Judgment decreased in all groups in measures of anger and aggressive behavior after the training. Their standard deviation from each other also decreased.

The article suggests a promising impact on attribution interaction methods. The next part of the article discusses the origin of these aggressive attributions. Information processing deficits are suggested to be a cause. The article suggests there is more of a cognitive process linked to the deviation of attribution between aggressive and non-aggressive children. The thought of "on purpose" is said to be stored at the top of the memory bin of aggressive children (Graham 1997). The article presents another study where priming is used to project attribution on a scenario. A sample of 78 African America male middle schoolers was categorized into aggressive and non-aggressive groups.

The children were randomly placed in one of three groups: negative intent, benign intent, or a no-priming control group (Graham 1997). The students were then asked to self-report inferences about a scenario. The results suggested early learning about judgements early in life to provide a framework for attribution. Under all three variables, both groups shared similar mean judgments under negative intent. Under the control and benign intent, both groups scored almost two standard deviations from each other under anger and blame.

The research suggests a difference in upbringing and a foundation of attribution that may be passed down through generations. The next experiment was with 40 mothers of aggressive sons and 30 mothers of non-aggressive sons (Graham 1997). The mothers were read a scenario about their son with a negative outcome. The author was measuring whether or not the mother would attribute the scenario to the intentions of their sons. They were also asked to report how much anger, blame, and sympathy they may feel. The results suggested that the more aggressive the son, the more the mother would infer blame and intent on the son and his behavior.

This suggested that the attribute of aggression in children might be more directly related to the mother. The next study took a sample of younger and older children to measure aggressive responses to social transgression. The participants were given a scenario where they were to meet their mother or a friend and did not make the meeting due to controllable and uncontrollable causes. They were asked if they would tell the truth or give an alternative excuse, how angry they would be, and if they would think the participant would be responsible. The research suggested that the variables highly correlate with each other.

These factors also suggested that aggressive youth lacked social skills that allowed them to limit potential anger of another. The relationship between the variables decreased with age. The older they were, the more aggressive attributes tended to influence cognition and behavior. The next study examined how African American youth prescribed responsibility, either to the self or outside forces. Three hundred students were asked to nominate three classmates for four conditions: who worked harder and received good grades, goof offs, followed school rules, and didn't' follow school rules (Graham 1997).

All conditions were compared with attribution in question. The results showed that admiration and good behavior highly correlated, but unrelated or negatively correlates with the other conditions. SES and teacher rated behavior of students were also taken into consideration. The results suggested that males tend to nominate negative attributes as being desired and girls valuing positive attributes.

The research suggested motivation to be a factor and outside sources supporting the stereotype, such as the media (Graham 1997). The author suggests a need for research in this area and the need for stronger theoretical principals to address these issues. Comparative racial studies are suggested to provide little intervention to the problems faced by African American youth. The article suggests attribution theory to provide a strong foundation, but further research is needed to pursue interventions of change. Critique The article provided a strong rationale for the research methods and theoretical models used to explore motivation in relationship to attribution theory of African American youth.

The literature provides support for the need of more research and a stronger foundation of theoretical principals. The statistical procedures were adequate for the experiments used. However, the article provided little or no results of statistical procedures. Graphs and charts were provided for visual aid, but with little reference to testing. The article failed to establish how an aggressive or non-aggressive child was measured for categorizing. The article focused mainly on low SES participants, which fails to allow generalization to occur among the African American youth population.

Perhaps further research is needed to measure the motivation and attribution methods of African Americans to see if there is correlation behind the hypothesis and results of this article. I believe the internal validity is high among experiments because of the samples' similarities. However, the external validity is questionable. No evidence was presented to make the same assumption. The results suggest that the reliability of these methods is average or high if duplicated with a similar sample, but the article failed to address this issue. The article and its methods, as stated in the beginning, are very subjective.

The observations were not controlled by structure, but were subjective to the experimenter's opinion. This lowers the validity and reliability of the experiment. The methods of the experiments were unstructured and subjective. The self-report measures limit the experimenter's control over the external factors. There is a high chance of reactivity in each experiment. The article lacked deblockedion of the settings of experiments, therefore again suggesting low validity and reliability. However, the article presents a foundation of various methods used to measure attribution. It gave examples of how duplication could be possible and how the methods are interpreted.

However, the interpretations are completely subjective. Even the tests designed to measure various variables were not discussed on structure or content. With more research in this area, it is suggested that the negative behaviors and attributions of African American children can be changed and relearned through intervention programs and positive modeling. The article did present several factors that may influence motivation, but failed to incorporate this concept into the sections of research.

In addition, few operational definitions were presented for clarity. Overall, the article was not presented clearly for the inexperienced reader. The layout and transitions lacked clarity. However, the article did present several points needing further research. The methods used call for more attention by the experimenter, but provide subjective insight to the aggressive and non-aggressive child. The article provides promise for interventions that could increase motivation in a classroom and home setting that may increase the success of African American children. I agree with the author that stronger and more structured theoretical principals and methods are needed to address the specifics of this situation.

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PhD Thesis on Robert Frost

Robert Frost is considered one of the finest poets that America has ever seen and produced. His poetry, like his life, is filled with the contrasts of good and bad, happy and sad, push and pull. Yet, when his poems are analyzed in depth, it becomes apparent that his views on nature are quite complex, much more so than what is usually seen. Frost had a love-hate relationship with Mother Nature - at times nature can be so beautiful and the next could be so cruel. A lot of his poems are concerned with people's interaction in their environment and how that provides a beautiful world.

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Frost uses imagery, symbols and phases to state his mind and triggers the message in emotion. His imagery is about the mystery that both beauty and ugly hasn't shown to us. In every line there is a hidden meaning behind the sights and expressions in which therefore to understand his language use. More in detailed the aspects of tone, voice, language, setting and form, which shape the readers perception and the obligation towards the poems.

Although Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California, the setting for much of his poetry takes place in the New England states where he lived most of his life there. Considering the difficult childhood and the life he experienced, it is logical to know his poems have become an outlet for his darker emotions - mostly of loneliness and loss. An example would be "Acquainted With the Night".

"I have been one acquainted with the night.

I have walked out in rain --and back in rain.

I have outwalked the furthest city light."

I have been one "Acquainted with the Night." Personal Darkness: it means something different to us all. For some, it conducts images of guilt, sin or fear; others it means loneliness or death. It is in this way the true meaning of "Acquainted with the Night" by Robert Frost becomes ambiguous. It challenges each reader to examine the darkness inside themselves, while each individual examines to solve its mystery.

Also in "Out, Out," By using these types of interpretation such as "The buzz-saw snarled and rattled in the yard".

"Call it a day, I wish they might have said To please the boy by giving him the half hour. That a boy counts so much when saved from work."

This could possibly symbolize the freedom, the destination once it gets "out," or it could represent a long day at work. Frost could be referring to the desire of the saw's controller to be released from work, or to get "out" of work. When "Supper" time is called the young boy was distracted and a mistake, cost him his life. Life is not worth the pain and troubles people go through, if not watched carefully, it could be taken away so quickly. This poem showed a lesson of an accident waiting to happen on each and every one of us.

Robert Frost's poem are still read today because he has always been known as the master of metaphors and hidden meanings - to give life to his poetry. In my opinion, he was a talented man, who expressed himself very detailed and wrote some of the most beautiful, emotional, absorbed poems that reflects on everyday life. To some critics claim Robert Frost is one of greatest American poet, master of metaphors and a legend whose poems will live on forever. His impact on society today has made so many understand him as a person and not just a poet.

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This is a small excerpt from PhD thesis paper on Robert Frost topic. As free PhD thesis examples and PhD thesis proposal samples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own PhD thesis paper or dissertation. Why not to get online PhD thesis writing help on Robert Frost from professional thesis writing service? Certified PhD academic writers will write a custom PhD thesis project on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Dissertation on Kant

Immaneul Kant was a philosopher during the european enlightenment period. Kant lived from 1724 to 1804. During his lifetime he dedicated his life to teaching and studying philosophy. He came up with the concept of "practical reason". In Kant's Metaphysics of Morals (1785) and Critique of Pure Reason (1788) he proposed a new moral / ethical "categorical imperative". This meant that his philosophy did not require the existence of God to be a valid argument. Kant's philosophy involved a piece of moral logic. He wrote "..we ought to act in such a way that our act could become accepted as a universal principle of behavior ". He also turned to the issue of the existence of God. He stated that "no pure reason" could prove the existence of God but "practical reason" could. His major works were his theories on human knowledge. Kant agreed that human knowledge is founded on the information we receive from our physical senses . He called this information "sensibility". An a priori process in our minds turns the information we get from our senses into conceptual knowledge. The " thing-in-itself " is the noumenon. These are transcendental objects not attainable directly by human perception. He says our minds fashion the information or senses direct us about matter around us into recognizable forms. This he called the phenomena of our minds. Then the information is turned into knowledge, this knowledge is determined by what the information means to us. This is Kant's epistemology. This is his major philosophical work.

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David Hume was an earlier philosopher. He lived from 1711-1777. The foundation of Hume's philosophical works is unquestionably his theory on how it is that we come to understand things. Hume thought that our awareness or perception of reality was a result of external objects acting upon our senses. The strongest and most basic perceptions comes in the form of impressions upon our minds. For Hume the secondary order of perceptions are ideas. Hume said that ideas are reflections of impressions. Hume's major philosophical argument is that all knowledge is founded by experience.

Kant answers Hume when he was making his philosophical arguments. Both philosophers share similar ideas. It was David Hume who awoke Kant from his "intellectual slumber" and caused Kant to undertake the task of responding to the challenge that Hume had issued to those who would claim to understand human nature. Kant agreed with Hume's philosophy that sense experience is essential to human knowledge. Kant also answered Hume's skepticism about the truth of transcendent ideas such as moral laws or ethical principles. As previously stated Kant came up with a new moral "categorical imperative" which did not require the existence of God for its validity. In addition to answering Hume's skepticism, Kant agreed with Hume that no rational argument could be given for God's existence. When Kant explained his Epistemology, theory of human knowledge, he answers Hume's separation of cause and effect. Kant here recognizes that we cannot absolutely know the cause and effect at work in the world around us. Kant also defines mental judgments as true knowledge.

In the on going search for human truth philosophers often use past philosophers arguments to further improve and assist them in there own theories. David Kant was driven by Immaneul Hume's arguments and he managed to take his own philosophical arguments a step further.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Kant topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Kant from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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PhD Thesis on Knowledge

In order to be able to understand and clarify the problems of knowledge, knowledge has to be defined first.

According to the Bertelsman Enzyklopedia it is the act or state of knowing a clear perception of fact, truth, or duty.

All that what the average human being considers to be knowledge is based on facts, figures, speeches, experiences, wisdom, books, statements, etc.

Already there you can realise a contradiction of the definitions.

We have a huge store of knowledge of an abstract and general kind about history, science, mathematics and so on. For instance, we know that 1+1=2, 1+2=3, 1+3=4, etc. Our knowledge of arithmetic's alone is enormous and perhaps infinite.

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In order to "know" X two conditions have to be satisfied:

(1)You must believe in X;

(2) P must be true.

Actually this means that knowledge is true belief and not facts, figures, etc., because these are based on the true belief, which is defined as knowledge.

The list of the things you "know" about your immediate surroundings is countlessly long. If you are sitting in a room while you are reading this, then you could list many items of knowledge about the furniture in the room, their position and colour, about the architecture and so on.

How do you actually know that you are sitting in a room? How do you know that the furniture next to you is next to you and not under you? Are you sure that red is red and not green?

In Ancient Greece humans tried to establish a truthful and objective reality. Now we call it science, but actually true knowledge of objective reality doesn't exist. Every human creature has got a subjective view of truth, which is called consciousness. He, she and it experiences life and society in their own and unique way.

It might also be that knowledge is based on experience. If experience was the basis of knowledge, then our knowledge would be on the same level like of cats and dogs, meaning that after an appearance of a bowl they would know there is going to be food. This would conclude that we wouldn't ever be able to understand why things happen as they do.

At this stage of knowledge it is impossible neither to define knowledge nor to find out definite problems of knowledge. The more knowledge you gain, the more questions are created.

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This is a small excerpt from PhD thesis paper on Knowledge topic. As free PhD thesis examples and PhD thesis proposal samples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own PhD thesis paper or dissertation. Why not to get online PhD thesis writing help on Knowledge from professional thesis writing service? Certified PhD academic writers will write a custom PhD thesis project on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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