Dissertation on Russia

Identify the interests of Russia at the Congress of Vienna. Tsar Alexander was complex and unpredictable, and his liberal inclinations conflicted with both his religious piety and his authoritarian tendencies. One objective never faltered however, and that was his idie fixe to restoring a large Polish state with himself as King.

Describe the origins of the Congress System in terms of the Holy Alliance. Tsar Alexander's Holy Alliance that allied Austria, Prussia and itself, illustrated the need for a defensive pact to check security in the Concert of Europe. Even though the Holy Alliance was nonsense, its basis on British concerns from ten years prior for checks and balances in continental Europe were present. Thus the origins of the Congress System, although lying primarily in the Quadruple Alliance of 1815, were significantly bolstered by Alexander's Holy Alliance.

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Why was Tsar Alexander not satisfied with the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818? Tsar Alexander proposed an expansion of the Quadruple Alliance to an alliance of five by including France at the Congress. By doing this he hoped to produce a Franco-Russian alignment against Britain and Austria. Britain proposed a compromise however that would admit France into the Alliance so long as the Great Powers renewed their commitments against France as part of the Treaty of Chaumont. Tsar Alexander was not satisfied because this meant he could not institute his Alliance Solidaire, a universal union that guaranteed territories to the monarchs that presided over them. This was the most important facet of the meeting as the Tsar albeit unsuccessfully tried to change the alliance that existed from the Congress of Vienna into a territorial guarantee.

List two reasons Russia had for taking action against the Turks in the Greek Revolt that led up to the Congress of Verona, 1822. Relate Russia's actions at the Congress. Russia had two reasons to take action against the Turks: the Greeks were members of the Orthodox religion, which Russia was the guardian of, and the non-fulfillment by Turkey of the Treaty of Bucharest (1812). The Tsar resigned himself to wait on a decision by the Congress, as he did not know what action to take. Metternich convinced him that the Greek revolt was part of an "international revolutionary conspiracy". Similarly, Metternich was able to convince the Tsar to send simultaneous Protest Notes, along with the other Powers, instead of defying the Troppau Protocol.

Tell how Russia ignored the Troppau Protocol in 1827, during Greek Revolt. When Russia, backed by Britain and France, interceded in the Greek Revolt of 1827 she disobeyed the Protocol's mandate. In defiance of Austrian and Prussia pleas, Russia assisted a revolt against legitimate Turkish policy, thus breaking the mandate of the Alliance.

Describe the relationship between Louis Philippe and Tsar Nicholas 1, in the years leading up to 1831. Due to his refusal to accept Louis Philippe as King of France until January, 1831, the Tsar strained relations between the two countries so much that Franco-Russian alignment was deemed highly unlikely for almost 20 years.

Explain the Polish Revolt of 1830-1 in terms of Russian actions. In essence, the Tsar facilitated the Polish Revolt when he ordered military mobilization to deal with potential revolutionary threat in Poland from France. The Polish Warsaw garrison revolted against Russian rule, due to romantic nationalism organized by the battalion leaders in secret societies. The strength of the revolt lay in the numbers in that the Polish army outnumbered Russian army in Poland, leading to early victories by the Polish. The revolt lacked of mass support, especially from peasantry, however. It split moderate and radical revolutionary groups, which further weakened revolt, to Russia's favor. Spring 1831 turned to Russian favor, resulted in strict military rule, effectively a Russification to weaken Polish nationalism.

Tell "the most significant outcome of the changing alignment in 1815-1848" in terms of Russian policy (hint: concerns Russo-British relations). When the Quadruple Alliance deteriorated so much that war between powers seemed almost certain in the1840s, British and Russia cooperation over this issue, against France, led to increased Anglo-Russian relations. They constructed closer agreements between 1841 and 1846 on issues such as Spain. Furthermore, the two countries alignment shows the flexibility in ideological differences during the period, and after the revolutions of 1848. Fundamentally, ideological divide ceased to have significance in relations of Powers. Willingness of Russia and Great Britain to work together in interest of peace, after revolutions of 1848, was most significant outcome of changing alignment in 1815-1848. Furthermore, Anglo-French disagreement enabled Russia to suppress the Poland Revolt, ending independence outlined in its 1815 treaties, without serious repercussions.

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