Dissertation on Poverty

In a wealthy city such as Sydney, wealth is usually very unequally shared. In Australia the top 50% owns 90% of total wealth and the other half of the 50% own 10% of total wealth of Australia. This shows that poverty is a great issue of Australian cities. As people living in poverty increases in Australia, the people working poor have also increased.

Some of the most important reasons for the presence of working poor class must be seen to rise from the structure of the money/power flow in Australia and from the unemployment rate. Research from the National Venture for Social and Economics Modeling show that woman at the top increased their salaries by 22% where woman at the bottom decreased their salaries by 9%. (Michelle Gumn June 21 New Class divided that's all in the Family).

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This shows the structure of the money flow in Australia where the wealthy gains more chance of becoming wealthier and the poor gains more chance of becoming poorer. The wealthy people own property where benefits/interests from the property/bank increases which make up the extra savings. On the other hand, the poor people would borrow money for a mortgage and pay the interest from bank or pay the house renting fee from monthly income leaving no available savings.

Having no savings results the poor people to need for extra money which results in people working poor. Another factor that makes the class of working poor present can be seen to have come from the power that people have from workforce or from birth. The people with a low salary are usually in a low position at work. This means that they will be the first to be targeted to leave if the company goes through a bad situation.

When such a situation happens, the workers would have no extra savings and would be in a situation where they have to work with little income in order to pay for the immediate living/housing. Also power and money affects most people from birth. It takes away the chances of opportunities for children from birth. Around1 in 8 of children in Australia live in Poverty, and this continues through generations. Thus the working poor class is present in Australia's wealthy cities because of the way that the social structure is made. The structure implicates the poverty more and divides Australia into money, class and power that increase the class of working poor. One of the other reasons for the class of working poor in wealthy cities of Australia can be seen to arise from the issue of unemployment.

As most the large wealthy cities have a connection to global market place, the increase in globalization results in 90% of products on shelves being from foreign countries which helps in the unemployment rate. Another reason for unemployment rate must be seen to rise from various groups of disadvantaged people such as new immigrants, the indigenous, the disabled, sole parent, and from the refugees. Again it is these unemployed people who make up most of the class of working poor, and it is these people who feel pressures from global change.

The unemployed goes through poverty and gains poor health: from stress, crowded housing and poor nutrition. Sometimes they become homeless. Therefore, many large, wealthy cities such as Sydney have great unequally shared wealth among the people and have impact from globalization which results in unemployment rate. Thus great cities with wealth are more likely to have a class of working poor as globalization in such cities increases the unemployment rate and such cities carry a structure of the power of wealthy people that enables the wealthy to get wealthier and the poor to get poorer which makes the people of the poor class to work with poor income.

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Dissertation on Political Parties

The heads of political parties are always trying to find ways to persuade people to join them. Encouraging supporters to vote is perhaps the most obvious way in which party efforts can lead to electoral victories, and mobilization has been shown to increase turnout (Kramer 1970). Political success, however, also depends on other forms of participation, and mobilization has also proven helpful in spawning campaign.

Mobilization is a costly activity, political parties are not able to mobilize all members of society. As a result, parties must be strategic in their efforts. I identify four primary strategic considerations. First, parties consider the participatory predispositions of individuals. That is, parties target individuals who are more likely to respond to mobilization, individuals who are more predisposed to activity by their individual characteristics.

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Thus, predictors of voting (and other political activity) such as income, education, age, and party identification should also have positive effects on the likelihood of party mobilization efforts. While parties inevitably contact some individuals who are unlikely to participate, their financial and electoral needs promote greater attention to citizens who might be active even without recruitment efforts. At the same time that parties want their mobilization efforts to promote participation, they should not indiscriminately contact individuals likely to be active.

In attempting to win elections, parties should focus their efforts on individuals supportive of their party and its candidates and avoid mobilizing individuals who support their opponents (Kramer 1970). Converting people predisposed to support the opposition party, if possible at all, will usually be quite expensive. Furthermore, contacting such people may stir their interest and spur them to action on behalf of the other party (Kramer 1970).

An additional consideration entering parties' mobilization decisions is the social positioning of individuals. Namely, parties are more inclined to mobilize individuals who have greater social connections. The returns on mobilization efforts can be greatly enhanced if those people targeted will in turn exert influence on others.

There is logic of party recruitment that suggests democratic and republican parties should exhibit different patterns in their contacting since each will attempt to contact individuals generally supportive of the party. Past elections show that neither party focused their recruitment on individuals identifying with their party (or the other party) in the 1956 and 1960 elections.

The elections of 1964 and 1968 involve a radically different role for party identification. As expected, both parties were more likely to contact their own identifiers than independents during this time. However, the trend of parties to contact identifiers was not limited to individuals with a similarity for their own party. Both the Democrats and Republicans also devoted significant enrollment efforts to identifiers of the other party. This tendency suggests that with the party system in change, the parties engaged in both mobilization of their own supporters and attempts at conversion.

The 1972-2000 results are generally consistent with strategic contacting. In this period, unlike the 1956-1960 period but like the 1964-1968 period, both the Democrats and Republicans have been significantly more likely to contact their own identifiers (at least strong and weak identifiers) than independents. Furthermore, with the exception of a Republican inclination to contact strong Democrats, the parties have abandoned their targeting of opposition identifiers witnessed during the 1960s.

Strategic behavior of likely supporters is also evident in the tendency of Democrats, at least since 1964, to contact individuals voting for their presidential candidate in the previous election. On the other hand, Republicans do not exhibit such a consideration. The social group variables also offer less than consistent support for the hypothesis that parties disproportionately recruit members of their support coalitions. While in each of the periods the Democratic coefficient for blacks is higher than that in the Republican equations, the differences are not as dramatic as one might expect. Furthermore, in only one instance is the effect of race statistically significant. In the 1964 and 1968 elections, Republicans made a concerted effort not to contact blacks.

The role of race is also evident in the estimates for the southern white variable. Here, both parties exhibit changes in their behavior over time. In the 1956 and 1960 elections, both parties were more likely to target southern whites. However, in the next two elections both parties have negative coefficients, and the Democrats were especially hesitant to contact southern whites at this time. Finally, in more recent elections neither party appears to exhibit a meaningful bias for or against the recruitment of southern whites.

For the religious groups, party targeting is also not quite as anticipated. For Catholics, the parties exhibit little differences. What is more notable is the tendency for both parties over time to enhance their efforts to mobilize these individuals. This trend probably reflects the increased role of Catholics as a "swing group" in more recent elections. For Jews, the findings offer no clear story. Gender distinctions in the contacting behavior of the parties also follow no apparent pattern. Finally, while Democrats appear more likely to contact members of union households than other individuals (with the coefficient estimate being positive in all periods -although significant only in the most recent period), this does not make them notably different from Republicans.

With respect to their consideration of individuals' resources and electoral competitiveness, the parties exhibit some similarities and some differences.

Both the Democrats and Republicans aim recruitment efforts at more educated, wealthier, and older individuals. The Republican coefficients for the income and age variables exceed those for Democrats in each time period, probably reflecting differences in their support bases. However, these inter-party differences are not statistically significant.

Similarly, both parties factor in the closeness of elections in their mobilization decisions, especially in more recent elections. Yet, the Republicans appear marginally more sensitive than are Democrats to election competitiveness.

Political parties exhibit many characteristics of strategic behavior when contacting citizens. Because mobilization efforts are most often designed to benefit candidates in elections, parties target individuals with higher underlying propensities for political participation. Thus, both Democrats and Republicans are more likely to recruit richer, more educated, and older individuals, as well as individuals who have previously voted. Parties also seek to maximize the impact of their contacts by targeting individuals who may, by virtue of their social situations, be able to mobilize fellow citizens.

In addition to personal characteristics, parties consider election competitiveness in their mobilization decisions, devoting more resources to areas in which contests are closer. The logic of mobilization outlined above also posited that parties consider the likelihood that potential targets for mobilization will support their party rather than the opposition. So, while both parties, for example, should devote disproportionate attention to richer individuals, this emphasis might be especially pronounced for Republicans due to the higher levels of support they enjoy from upper income groups. Similarly, the parties were expected to mobilize other members of their support coalitions on the basis of race, religion, gender, and union affiliation considerations. The findings here offer relatively weak support for such behavior.

Differences between the parties with regard to the group membership variables are generally in the direction anticipated, but the differences are quite modest. Furthermore, looking at each of the parties separately indicates that in the overwhelming majority of cases, neither party's contacting efforts were significantly influenced by group membership. These findings are unanticipated in the theoretical model, and I speculate that parties may often attempt not to expend resources contacting groups very likely or very unlikely to vote for their candidates.

Although focusing contacting efforts on likely supporters is not consistently apparent with regard to social group membership, parties do seem to be more strategic in this regard at times. For example, as the Democrats became identified as the champions of the civil rights cause in the 1960s and southern politics underwent a transformation, both parties devoted more attention to southern states. However, the parties did not mirror one another in their efforts, with Republican contacting being directed more toward whites and Democratic mobilization aimed at blacks.

Consideration of likely party support in contacting efforts also appears when one considers the role of party identification and previous voting behavior. Particularly in recent elections, and especially for Democrats, the parties tend to focus their efforts on individuals they reasonably feel will vote for their candidates. Differences across time and parties in the influence of these variables further underscore the dynamic nature of party contacting. While both parties engaged in significant recruitment of individuals identifying with their opponents during the upheavals of the 1960s, neither has been as quick to do so in the past thirty years. This suggests that party systems in flux may encourage conversion efforts while stable periods of party competition promote mobilization of one's own supporters. Emphasis on mobilization might be even more pronounced in systems, like that in place since 1972, with low voter turnout. More generally, political parties should be expected to adapt to changes in the electoral environment and the findings here suggest that such adaptation occurs.

Parties adapt to changes in the electoral environment because they aim to win elections. As part of this effort, they use resources to mobilize citizens. Even in times of "weak" parties, substantial numbers of individuals are directly contacted by at least one major political party, and, in the most recent presidential elections, both the Democrats and Republicans have dramatically increased their contacting rates. While the parties contact individuals out of self-interest, their efforts do have the effect of promoting citizen participation.

Thus, at the same time that party contacting may worsen inequalities due to the consideration of socioeconomic status and previous participation in parties' behavior. Contacting may contribute to the legitimacy of the political system, an especially important function in a period of low turnout.

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Dissertation on Eating Disorders

Eating plays a very important role in our lives. Not only is eating necessary to survival, but it is also a recreational activity, associated with most holidays, bringing joy to many people. However, for nearly 10 million people in the U.S. alone, eating is an enemy.(Bell, 65) These 10 million people suffer from some sort eating disorder, most commonly Anorexia nervosa or Bulimia nervosa. The first and most common eating disorder, affecting nearly seven million women and one million men each year, is Anorexia nervosa .(Kolodny, 40) Anorexia means the loss of apatite, however, this is often misleading because anorexics do not loose their apatite, they merely learn to suppress it. A more appropriate definition of anorexia is; a mental illness in which a person has an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of their weight and body shape (Encarta 1). Anorexia generally affects the same type of person, regardless of sex. The typical anorexic tends to be controlling, a great overachiever, and a perfectionist, who strives to please other people. Anorexia normally begins with a diet. A person will begin not only to lose weight but to receive complements on how good they look.

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An anorexic will take these complements as cues to continue their dieting. They believe that the more weight they loose the better they will look. At this point an anorexic will begin to invent many different ways to loose weight. The person will start to become obsessed with food. They will constantly cook wonderful meals and deserts for friends but never eat what they cook. When placed in a setting, such as a family mealtime, where they are expected to eat they will often cut their food into small pieces and move it around their plate to make it look as if they have eaten, or they will hide food in their napkin.

They will also commonly tell people that they do not know as well that they cannot eat sugar, because they are diabetic or they cannot drink milk, because they are lactose intolerant. Eventually they will begin to make excuses to avoid mealtime all together. They will say they have already eaten, or they are in a hurry to be somewhere, or they aren't feeling well. Since they are so determined to avoid meals they are forced to become very withdrawn from friends and family.

They avoid social situations as much as possible. Anorexics are very good at disguising their disease, one way that they will do this is by wearing very baggy clothes. However, there are many warning signs to look for. These signs include; a skeletal look with sunken eyes, yellow or grey, pale dry skin, thinning hair on their head but fuzzy hair growth on the rest of the body, inability to sleep yet they appear to be exhausted, menstruation stops, frequent urge to urinate, and depression. Anorexia is extremely harmful both a person's mental and physical health. As people with anorexia decrease the amount of food they eat, the body begins to burn up fatty tissue.

As the condition worsens the body burns up nearly all of this tissue. The body also burns up muscle tissue in order to receive the nutrients which it lacks. Malnutrition is an obvious danger of anorexia that can be seen just by looking at the anorexic person. Yet there are many more unseen dangers. Anorexics often suffer from a shrunken heart with an irregular beat, a loss of bone marrow, brittle bones, and a low pulse and blood pressure.

Experts estimate that between 10-20% of those with anorexia die from it.(Bode, 12) Aside from the physical harms people with anorexia become extremely nervous, depressed, and often suicidal. The second type of major eating disorder is Bulimia nervosa. Bulimia is an eating disorder in which persistent over concern for body weight and shape leads to repeated episodes of binging, associated with induced vomiting, use of laxatives, fasting and or excessive exercise to control weight.(Encarta 1) Bulimia is less common than anorexia, however 50% of anorexics at some point in their illness also suffer from bulimia and 20% of bulimics go through anorexic periods. (Bode,19) Unlike anorexics, bulimics are unable to suppress their hunger. Therefore their dieting consists of a cycle of fasting, binging, and purging.

Fasting is to restrain from eating for a period of time. A binge is to eat an unusually large quantity of food "most often food that is high in calorie and very fattening" at one time. Binges can last up to several hours or even on and off for several days. In some cases though, a bulimic will binge on shopping, shoplifting, alcohol, drugs, or sex with multiple partners. Purging most commonly is the voluntary act of vomiting, however laxatives, extreme vigorous exercise, and diuretics are also used.

Many bulimics are desperate to quit binging and they will try almost anything, with the exception of seeking help, to stop. Many bulimics will hide food from themselves or even pour detergent on their food. None of this seems to work though, when a bulimic feels the urge to binge they will. Bulimia is not quite as easy to detect as anorexia is because bulimics often maintain a normal body weight. There are although, warning signs to look for.

Some examples include; broken blood vessels in the face, bite marks on the middle or index finger, dry, flaky skin, tooth decay, indigestion, and constipation. Bulimia, like anorexia has many harmful side effects, most of which go unseen. Some of the dangers include; electrolyte imbalance "which is when the body's fluid and mineral balance is upset" dehydration, damage to bowls, kidney, and liver, and in many cases heart attack or failure. Emotionally, bulimics suffer from guilt, loneliness, and depression all which contribute to the extremely high suicide rate of bulimics. The third classified eating disorder is called Compulsive Overeating or Binge Eating. For years experts have been debating the issue of whether or not to include Compulsive Overeating as an eating disorder.

Finally in the 1970s it was recognized as an eating disorder and people began to receive treatment. Compulsive overeating is a continuous cycle between extreme binging and dieting. Compulsive overeaters have dramatic weight decrease and increase within a matter of months. A typical Compulsive overeater will binge at least twice a week for several months. The amount of food consumed during their binges is tremendous. A typical binge could consist of an entire cake, a gallon of ice cream and some cookies.

Some binge eaters report consuming as much as twenty thousand calories in a single sitting, the amount an average person eats in 8 days.(Nardo, 28) Compulsive overeaters will binge for a few months and then they will stop for a few weeks to begin dieting. The diet is an attempt to loose whatever weight they gained during their months of binging. This however, is useless, because as soon as the weight is lost they will begin to binge again gaining all of the weight back. Compulsive overeating is harmful to a persons body. The continuous weight gain and weight loss interferes with the bodies metabolism.

The more the person transitions between binging and dieting the slower their metabolism becomes, therefore making it much harder for them to loose weight. Aside from being physically harmful compulsive overeating is also harmful to a person mentally and emotionally. Since almost all compulsive overeaters binge in secrecy it becomes a dominant part of their life which forces them to withdraw themselves socially. Most compulsive overeaters are aware that they do have a problem, but they are unable to control it and are too ashamed to ask for help. Like compulsive overeating, doctors have debated for years about whether or not obesity is an eating disorder.

At this point a majority of the doctors say that an obese person does have disordered eating, although they will not classify it as an official eating disorder. However, several people who suffer from obesity are compulsive overeaters. Twenty-five percent of people with eating disorders, no matter which type, will experience periods of time where they will go into a trance.(Claude-Pierre, 100) When a person goes into one of these trances it is an indication that they are at the most serious psychological state of the illness. The persons negative mind consumes them are they are oblivious to reality.

Warning signs to an approaching trance may include; the voice of the person becoming a whisper, the body beginning to immobilize(curl into the fetal person out of fear), and the person does not make eye contact and seems to be lost in the battle that is going on within their mind. One thing most scientists, doctors, and other specialists disagree on, is the cause of eating disorders. A humanist would say that a person develops and eating disorder after several failed attempts of becoming self actualized.

Therefore the person will fall all of the way down to the bottom of the hierarchy of needs and feel they are not worthy enough to even fulfill the basic needs, including food. A behaviorist would feel that a person with an eating disorder developed it as a reaction to a certain stimuli in their life. Some of the common stimuli which trigger eating disorders are; family or other relationship problems, a persons casual remarks about weight, the feeling of inadequacy, and pop culture. Most people agree with the behaviorist point of view, and feel that there are triggers, usually more than one, which trigger eating disorders.

Another common view about the cause of eating disorders is the constant battle between the person and their negative mind, and the person feels obligated to obey the commands of the negative mind, for example, "you are FAT, you may not eat today unless you run 5 miles!" Treating eating disorders is usually a very long and difficult process. There are many different forms of treatment a patient can receive, but the type of treatment along with the effectiveness of the treatment generally depends on the individual personality and background of the patient. The two basic types of treatment are physical and psychological.

For some patients the psychological treatment alone will help cure them, but in many cases both psychological and physical treatment are required. The most common form of physical treatment is hospitalization. The length of stay in the hospital varies for each individual patient depending on how severe their condition is. The most important part of this type of treatment is to make the patient gain weight. This initial weight gain is always the most difficult part of the physical treatment because the patient continues to deny they have a problem.

The major downfall of strictly hospital treatment is that 38% of anorexics will relapse within 2 years after being released from the hospital and have to be hospitalized again.(Bode,10) Another physical treatment is drug therapy. In the 1960s and 1970s doctors began experimenting with different types of drugs, hoping that they would eliminate the patients fear of food and being fat. One substance that was commonly used is called chlorpromazine.

Chlorpromazine was reported to have been helpful in several cases, but because of its many side effects including, lowering blood pressure, and reducing body temperature, it is rarely used today. Another form of drugs that are often used to help cure eating disorders are antidepressants, since this is a leading cause of eating disorders in many cases. Psychotherapy, is the most common type of psychological therapy. The main goal in psychotherapy is to help the patient realize and understand not only that they have a problem, but what has caused it and how they can deal with it. Psychotherapy begins with the doctor giving the patient strait facts about their problem. The doctor will tell them about their disorder and why it is harmful.

From there the patient and doctor will discuss the patients life-style, concerns, fears, and stresses hoping to find what things contributed to the development of their eating disorder. The patient will have several counseling sessions and throughout these the patient learns how to cope with improve their body image, cope with stress, and establish and maintain a normal eating pattern. A second type of psychological therapy is general counseling. The counseling begins as initial one-to-one sessions between doctor and patient. As the patient begins to recover, they normally begin group therapy.

In group therapy around 5 people with the same disorder will come together to share their stories, and experience with eating disorders with each other. There is always a doctor present during group therapy, who normally will lead the discussions, and offer emotional support along with facts about the disorders. Counseling has been found to be most helpful for both compulsive overeaters and bulimics. It forces them to realize that their problems really are common, which makes them feel less alone and more worthwhile. A third type of psychological approach to treating eating disorders is called behavior modification.

Behavior modification which is generally used by humanists or behaviorists is a step-by-step process which is used as an attempt to modify a person's eating habits. Together a patient and their doctor will create a list of goals to be accomplished. An example of the goals a bulimic may have may be to refrain from vomiting after eating or to substitute a healthy meal, for an unhealthy binge. An example of the goals an anorexic may have would be to eat all the food on their plate, or to gain a certain amount of weight within a certain amount of time. If these goals are reached the patient is positively reinforced and possibly even given a reward.

However behavior modification is often criticized. People who object to this type of treatment feel that once the patient is on their own, and the rewards stop they will fall back into their old eating habits. Despite the amount of therapy are person goes through, it is believed that a person can never be cured of an eating disorder. People who have had eating disorders at one time in their life will continue to struggle with it, either consciously, or unconsciously for the rest of their lives. Eating disorder are a very serious mental and physical illness which people need to be more educated about.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Eating Disorders topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Eating Disorders from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Dissertation on Euthanasia

Over the years, the practice of physician assisted suicide, affectionately know as euthanasia, has evolved into one of the biggest social issues in the United States and the World. There have been many controversies over whether or not euthanasia is justified. In some places in the United States, euthanasia is considered murder (Jussim 47). It is then treated as a murder case and murder penalties are used. There has been a whole change in euthanasia over the centuries, but it still serves the same purpose. Euthanasia or assisted suicide in Greek means "easy death". When broken down, it means the process of one being euthanized, which means to kill without pain. The process of euthanasia has actually been practiced for thousands of years, rooting all the way back to the ancient Egyptians. They practiced euthanasia in all sorts of ways.

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A good example of this is when somebody was suffering from a terminal disease or a gaping, festering wound, or even when an appendage or limb was severed off they would put the victim to sleep using a natural poison called ether. Using a rod, they pulled the victims brain out through the nose, killing the victim (Jussim 53). Euthanasia was then brought up again in the medieval times. When the person was ill with any type of disease that could not be treated, or what is called a terminal illness, a poison was put in the cup of the victim. The victim would then administer the drug himself, clearing the person who put the poison in the drink of any wrongdoing.

This poison would put the person to sleep, into a coma. Then, about ten minutes later, a person with a cover over his head so he could remain anonymous, came in and stabbed the victim through the heart. The victim supposedly felt no pain (Jussim 61). In the United States today when somebody wants to use euthanasia as a form of dying, a physician is called in to administer the drug. Physician aid-in-dying is assistance by a qualified medical practitioner in implementing a patient's considered wish to end his or her own life, usually by means of lethal injection.

In the Netherlands, the practice is an injection to render the patient comatose, followed by a second injection called potassium phosphate. In cases where the patient takes the lethal drug, currently 10g of pentobarbitone, the doctor is present in 20% of the cases. However where death does not occur within 12 hours, the doctor is on hand to administer a second drug to accelerate death, rather than allowing the patient the indignity of lying in a coma for up to four days, waiting for death to occur (McCuen 81). Objections that the legalization of the practice would be open to abuse are not sustained by close examination of data.

Patients are already "eased into death" with morphine under the euphemistic doctrine of "double effect". Published figures suggest that ethical criteria in the Netherlands are similar to those already practiced in the United States. Legal safeguards for the various situations have been thoroughly prepared by legal researchers in draft legislation. Trends show that the practice will continue whether or not it is regulated by the legislation (McCuen 118).

Although the possibility of physician-assisted suicide is welcome news to many people who may be facing the prospect of an agonizing, humiliating and long drawn out disease while still having some physical capabilities, it is of little reassurance to someone who is suffering from a wasting disease. The disease will eventually omit the patients' ability to commit suicide. Also, death by oral ingestion of drugs is far less effective than by skillful injection. A doctor on hand can make necessary adjustments of dosage for the patients' weight, condition, age, and history.

This, in essence, is the Dutch argument, and although drugs are often been made available for the patient to take orally by his or her own hand, if and when desired and after due consultation, a physician is generally present to offer the technical support that a patient has the right to expect (McCuen 112). When a person is terminally ill, his family might suggest the possibility of euthanasia, when in fact, the person that is ill can only request it. When a patient requests euthanasia, the first step is to try to improve palliative care in hopes that euthanasia might be avoided. The term "palliative care" means surgery to improve the condition of a disease.

If this does not lessen the emotional or physical discomfort of the patient or his family, doctors then discuss the option of euthanasia, each having an equal say in the decision making process. Any member of the decision making team has the right to refuse cooperation in the case of euthanasia, but this refusal cannot stop euthanasia from taking place. The family may offer spiritual input, but is not involved in the final decision, nor can a family member request euthanasia for an ill family member.

"ONLY A PATIENT CAN REQUEST EUTHANASIA"

This protects the patient in two ways: the family cannot force euthanasia upon the patient and the family cannot prevent euthanasia if the patient insists on it (McCuen 127-128In the United States today, euthanasia continues to raise many legal problems, such as in cases in which parents and doctors decide not to pursue drastic life-saving measures for children born with severe birth defects. An enduring ethical question is also raised by the Hippocratic oath, which requires physicians both to relieve suffering and to prolong life. The problem is intensified because the definition of death has become blurred. Formerly, a person was considered dead when breathing and heart action ceased.

Since these functions can be maintained artificially now, a definition of death that includes brain death-lack of electrical activity for a period long enough to make return to functioning virtually impossible-is widely accepted (Baird 37) Euthanasia, even though used as a beneficial process for leaving the world, has its downsides. In the United States, euthanasia is a serious crime, punishable by life imprisonment. Some doctors are helping terminally ill patients commit suicide-a so-called physician-assisted suicide-without being punished. One of these doctors is a man by the name of Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Jack Kevorkian, affectionately known as "Dr.

Death" was born in Pontiac, Michigan on May 26, 1928. He has gained notoriety in the early 1990s for his crusade to legalize physician-assisted suicide. Kevorkian graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School in 1952 with a specialty in pathology but never settled into a steady practice, instead spending his working years moving among hospitals in Michigan and southern California. During these years he developed his ideas on assisted suicide for terminally ill patients and built a so-called "suicide machine", by which patients could administer carbon monoxide to themselves.

Kevorkian became widely know in 1990 when a woman in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease used his machine to end her life. The machine that she used was a different one than the earlier one that Kevorkian concocted. This machine had two tubes-one containing a harmless saline solution and one containing the deadly poison potassium phenophaline, that were connected intravenously to the patient. When the patient was ready to die, he would press a button in his hand, stopping the saline solution. The potassium phenophaline would then run into the patient, rendering him comatose.

About five minutes later, the patient's heart goes into arrest, as a result of the poison. Ever since this woman's death, he has assisted more than 20 people with debilitating chronic illness or terminal diseases to end their lives (AOL 97). After several unsuccessful attempts to charge Kevorkian with murder, Michigan in 1993 passed a temporary ban on assisted-suicide. Kevorkian was convicted under the law, but it was overturned. Both the law and Kevorkian's legal situation remained unresolved. Kevorkian's activities have frustrated the medical profession as well, which is divided over the issue of euthanasia.

Even those who are sympathetic towards Kevorkian's avowed intent of allowing suffering patients to die are deeply troubled by his relatively short evaluation and counseling methods and criticize his oversimplification of the issues (AOL 96). In essence, there are only a few places in the world where physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia are legal and widely accepted. I wonder if the United States or in country for that matter are ready for euthanasia. I will leave you with one final thought. Would you use or let a family member use euthanasia? It's a tough question.

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Dissertation on Autism

Autism is a developmental disability that appears during the first three years of life. It is a direct result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain. This paper will further discuss the relevance of the disease, the symptoms of the disease, the traits of an Autistic person and the different treatments and cures available. Today, Autism affects four hundred thousand people. It is the third most common developmental disability. Autistic behaviors occur in about fifteen out of every ten thousand individuals. Autism is two times more common than Down Syndrome and six times more common than Childhood Cancer. It is four times more prevalent to occur in boys than in girls. The severity of Autism varies widely from one individual to the next. Therefore, the ability to detect an individual who is Autistic is easier in some cases than others. The common visual differences in an individual with Autism are: a. Marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors.

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Autism affects verbal communication, nonverbal communication and social interaction. In order for an Autistic person to speak, it takes a lot of time and effort. It is difficult because it is hard for them to remember speech vocabulary. Autistic individuals have trouble pronouncing words. Some Autistic individuals may be mute or they may occasionally lose the ability to speak. Many need to pause and need extra time to process verbal comments or to formulate responses. It is not uncommon for an Autistic person to repeat phrases that have been heard. Oftentimes Autistic people do not speak and are perceived as being shy and distant.

Autistic people will avoid talking to dodge embarrassment. Frequent body language also makes an Autistic person seem further distant. Hearing, as well as speech is affected by Autism. Sound for an Autistic person is more pronounced. So noises that are normal for us, may hurt or damage an Autistic person's ears. It is also difficult for some individuals to produce sound. You may have to repeat and speak slower to an Autistic person. Another affect of Autism is vision impairment. It is very difficult for an Autistic person to recognize faces. The process of recognition is very challenging and frustrating. It takes long periods of time.

Bright light may also hurt the eyes of an Autistic person by creating flickering or vibrating frequencies in the head. Autistic people also have unusual sensory experiences. They range from being overly sensitive, less sensitive than normal or they may have difficulty interrupting a sense.

Some are insensitive to pain and may fail to notice an injury as well. Other physical conditions of an Autistic person may be: rocking back and forth, humming or talking to themselves, spinning in constant circles, covering their eyes with their hands, and intense daydreaming resulting in frequent talking and giggling. An estimated 25% also suffer from epileptic seizures of various kinds. An Autistic person tends to dislike and even be uninterested in change. Autistic individuals become attached to objects or routines. If forced to abandon this object or routine, they become very upset. If an event seems too traumatic to an Autistic person, they will "shut down". Shut down is caused by an event which has either too much physical or emotional stimulation.

Before a "shut down" occurs, an Autistic person may have trouble concentrating, be tired, confused, or have some physical pain. These conditions will lead to tantrums and emotional outbursts. Another trait of an Autistic individual is having intense interests. Many of these interests could be perceived as obsessive. The interests could be as mainstream as a sport or as odd as memorizing train schedules. Experts are not certain of the cause or prevention for Autism. Some medications are prescribed to alleviate specific symptoms of the disease. Some of these symptoms are: aggression, seizures, hyperactivity, obsessive compulsive behaviors, and anxiety.

Many Autistic individuals also take speech therapy and sign language to increase their ability to communicate. They may be involved in behavioral techniques to help them deal with sudden physical and emotional out bursts. Although Autism has no cure, treatment can positively affect and reduce symptoms of the disability. The cause of Autism remains unknown. The disease develops before the age of three and has a wide variety of symptoms. Although many treatments are available, there is no cure. Last year the Autism foundations received $12 million dollars for medical research. I hope that the medical research for Autism continues and a cure is soon discovered.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Autism topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Autism from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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Dissertation on Bullying

Odd Girl out: the Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls by Rachel Simmons discusses the prevalence of female bullying in schools. This book offers "a glimpse of the back alleys and hidden corners of girl bullying, and to begin the process of naming and understanding it (19)."

Simmons begins the book by describing her own experience with female bullying, particularly during the third grade and how the pain from that experience continues to follow her to this day. This pain led her to research and write about this hidden aggression. In Odd Girl Out, Rachel Simmons explores this hidden culture using interviews with girls in school as well as older victims of childhood bullying to highlight the prevalence of female harassment. Through speaking to these diverse groups of females, Simmons is able to uncover the harmful ways in which girls use friendship as a weapon to gain control and inflict pain towards those with whom they are angry. The immense fear of being alone is felt so strongly by young girls that they will often subject themselves to unhealthy friendships with belligerent peers rather than be alone.

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There are many major and important themes in Odd Girl Out. One is how aggression and bullying has always been seen as only a problem among male friends. This is because boys resolve their disagreements visibly and violently. Females, on the other hand, are expected to be nice, quiet, sweet, and obedient, and thus their disagreements are resolved silently and secretively. This hidden aggression has developed as a result of the cultural expectations of girls in our society. Young females are often forced to put forth two personalities; the nice, non-aggressive personality which is used in the presence of adults. The harsh, mean, back-stabbing personality used to express their anger is used when dealing with peers, in order to gain control and popularity. Within circles of female friends in most school environments, according to Simmons, there is an ongoing battle for friendship, popularity, and belonging to certain cliques, or groups. This constant desire to belong to the "in crowd" causes young girls to rely on teasing, rumor-spreading, alliance building, and secret-sharing in order to fulfill this longing. This type of aggression is known as relational aggression.

According to Simmons, relational aggression or non-physical, nonverbal personal attacks that girls are waging against one another daily in our schools is often more damaging than we have been willing to admit in the past. One of the major reasons why it is more damaging is due to the fact that teachers and adults are oblivious to relational aggression. "Teachers and parents may not be looking or listening for signs of a problem behind the facade of friendship and play. Denied the use of their voices by rules against female anger, girls have instead learned to use their bodies. Nothing looks wrong (44)." Another reason why relational aggression is so damaging is because a lot the time, parents and teachers, either don't believe that the perpetrator can act like that or they tell the victim to ignore them. This causes the victim to withdrawal, allowing the abuse to continue and suffer in silence.

Another major important point that Simmons makes in Odd Girl Out is the struggle to fit into society's definition of being female. As we read the personal stories of how aggressive female bullies affected the lives of the many girls Simmons interviewed, readers begin to understand the struggle between 'nice' and 'strong' that our society forces girls to deal with. Simmons points out that many channels for the expression of anger are eliminated within this struggle for young girls. "We are telling our girls to be bold and timid, voracious and slight, sexual and demure. We are telling them to hurry up and wait. But, as in the game of Twister, these girls eventually end up in impossible positions and collapse (115). "This struggle comes to a head during the adolescent years because girls do not know how to deal with a bully without the risk of losing their social status and reputation as a "good girl."

One of the most surprising outcomes of Simmons' interviews is how scared girls are to speak up and tell a person that they are mad at them, or ask why a person is mad at them. Many of the girls felt that this would make the situation worse or cause an insurmountable rift in the relationship. "Many girls expressed fear that even everyday acts of conflicts would result in the loss of the people they most cared about. They believed speaking a troubled heart was punishable. Many girls are afraid of not being able to anticipate the response to their anger, so they resolve to maximize what they can control (69-70)."

Finally, control is another major theme in Odd Girl Out. One of the many ways that girls maximize control is through indirect contact or by totally ignoring the situation. By doing this, girls usually know that someone is mad at them, but unfortunately they do not know why. Girls avoid direct contact because society trains females to consider others' feelings above their own. As a result of this, according to Simmons, girls' anger becomes imbedded in them and they tend to take their anger out on someone or something else. "One student told me when she felt angry she kicked her dog. Plenty more said they hit their siblings. Some students I interviewed described feeling depressed as they tried to sequester their anger. Others told stories of escalating fury (75)." All of these reactions to anger cause damage not only in their social life, but their academic and family life as well. Simmons feels we need to teach females how to be more outspoken and productive when they are angry so that the different aspects of their lives would not be affected and that their anger can pass and not simmer inside them. In other words, we need to teach females to "fight" like boys so that friendships and self-esteem won't be ruined.

There are many strengths to Odd Girl Out. One of these strengths is the first-hand interviews and accounts of girl-girl bullying. One reason why these interviews are a strength to the book is because the readers can see how girls handle anger and conflict. A common way girls express their anger is to draw innocent bystanders into the conflict. Many girls do not want a direct confrontation with the person they are mad at, so they either spread rumors or recruit another person to make the victim's life unbearable. This type of aggression is called alliance building.

"During alliance building, discussions spread like wildfire through circles of friends, growing in intensity until they dominate the day. Alliance building also conforms to girls' tendency to stockpile old conflicts. The perpetrator's strategy is to appeal to those who have a history with the target (81)." This, according to Simmons, "allows girls to hold the conflict at arms length as they watch others fight it (81)." Alliance building also allows other girls to feel that they belong. This is a great incentive for other girls to become involved in their peers' conflicts. Unfortunately, alliance building is such a major part of females' social life that many cannot imagine how to deal with conflict in more productive, less harmful ways.

Another strength in Odd Girl Out is that the readers get to see how girl-girl bullying begins and becomes cyclical. Another strength of Odd Girl Out is that it gives a name to the aggression and explains what they are. Based on Simmons' book, bullying begins with social aggression. According to Simmons, "Social Aggression is intended to damage self-esteem or social status within a group (21)." This type of aggression occurs mostly in cliques, especially when the group perceives that one member has done something wrong. This "something wrong" can be being too outgoing, popular with boys, or acting too confidently in the group. Most frequently, social aggression stems from jealousy and not an actual wrongdoing. Social aggression is used when the ostracized victim does not conform to society's norms for females. In other words, the victim is not quiet, demure, or obedient. Instead, she is highly sure of herself and full of self-esteem. These values most often leads others to view the victim as a "bitch" and thus, not worthy of their friendship. The only way the group can tear at the victim's self-assurance is to tear her down using social aggression. This, in turn, leads to relational aggression and an ongoing cycle of bullying.

There is one major weakness to Odd Girl Out, and unfortunately, it makes the book extremely dry and boring. This weakness is its repetitiveness. Even though the interviews of school-aged and older girls gives the reader an insightful view of the complex relationships between females, most of the females' stories are repetitive and seemed coerced from Simmons' questions. Even Simmons' descriptions of the different types of aggression seem repetitive. It seems as though each type of aggression is the same, but with different names. The best example of this is relational aggression and social aggression. I feel as if both aggressions work in the same way and just gives a new synonym to the meaning of bullying. I feel that because of the repetitiveness of the story and terms, the 200 page book could have been cut down to 100 pages. If the book would have been more concise, then it would have been easier an more interesting to read.

A final weakness of Odd Girl Out is the fact that Simmons could have spent more time suggesting solutions to the problems that she presents in her book. Simmons could have given ways in which teachers and parents could put less pressure on girls to hide their anger and aggression. Simmons could also suggest ways to develop different expectations of female behavior, allowing girls a voice to express their feelings and anger, and free young girls from the pressures of society's expectations that guide their actions. Another weakness that Odd Girl Out has is that Simmons could have spent more time researching and discussing the differences in aggressive patterns within schools not situated in middle class settings, where she spent a majority of her time.

Finally, Odd Girl Out presents extensive interviews of school-aged and older females that casts a light on a silent epidemic-like problem that almost every female faces or has faced in their lifetime. Through these interviews, Simmons explains how society's expectations of girls to act sweetly, calmly, and obediently causes many to swallow their own anger and cause great damage to their friends' self-esteem. According to Simmons, this suppression of anger causes females to act out in way that is ignored by teachers and adults. One of the many strengths of Odd Girl Out is the fact that these first- hand interviews gives a name to this hidden aggression and suggests ideas on how teachers and parents can deal with this type of bullying. Even though this book also has many weaknesses, including being too repetitive, Odd Girl Out is a great book for teachers, parents, and females to read. This is a great resource for teachers, parents, and females because it casts a light on a hidden culture and provides good, albeit vague ideas on how to deal with girls who are being bullied or are bullies. This book also shows parents and teachers how to spot this type of aggression so that it can be stopped. Finally, this book is a great resource for parents, teachers, and females because it provides solutions on how to change the way females deal with anger and aggression, which would allow females to be openly angry and help end the vicious cycle of female bullying.

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This is a small excerpt from dissertation on Bullying topic. As free PhD dissertation samples and Master's dissertation proposal examples are plagiarized we recommend you not to use it in your own dissertation or thesis paper. Why not to get online dissertation writing help on Bullying from professional dissertation writing company? Top-rated PhD academic writers will write a custom dissertation on any topic and discipline from scratch!

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PhD Thesis on Feng Shui

For over 5000 years people in China have been using Feng Shui as a way to promote harmony in their lives. Feng Shui is the ancient Chinese art and science of locating a sacred place on earth. The literal meaning of Feng Shui is "wind" and "water". The ancient Chinese people developed Feng Shui based on their spiritual view of the world.

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During the 9th Century, in south west China a scholar by the name of Yang Yun Sung was inspired to try and compile the first systematic study of the harmony between the physical and natural environment. The idea of the balance of nature became the philosophy of Taoism. Priests of Taoism, who were both female and male discovered and developed Feng Shui geomancy. They did this through observation of landforms, river flows, animals, movement of planets and changing weather conditions. The forces of Chi energy and the negative Sha influences also play an important factor. Feng Shui concerns of the early Taoists was when to cultivate crops, how to irrigate with flooding rivers and where to construct buildings and tombs. Until the end of the 19th Century few Chinese people would consider doing any of these things, before consulting the opinion of a Feng Shui expert.

Overleaf is a picture of a Lo P'an compass used in the art of Feng Shui, similar to the one we saw them using on the video. It is made up of two parts, a circular plate representing the heaven and a base plate symbolizing the earth. The circular disc has a magnetic needle in the middle of it surrounded by ring divisions. Every character and every degree engraved on the heaven dial are intricately and accurately designed, obscurely displaying the ancient secrets of Feng Shui. The number of rings on a Lo P'an can vary from as few as seven to 36, depending on which system it is designed for. Every ring embodies a specific theory of Feng Shui. The Lo P'an can assist the Feng Shui practitioner to locate, measure, calculate and even predict the natural earth energies in a particular area. From this they can determine what they need to do to balance up the powers of the five elements and yin and yang.

Today Feng Shui is widely used not only in Asia, but in the Western world as well. Its application ranges from planning entire cities and empires to simply placing a guest at the dinner table or furnishing a room in a house. As we have seen already, people in China have a very strong belief in the power of complimentary opposition. Thus Feng Shui is a mixture of Yin Yang, the five elements, Taoist hygiene and other scientific ideas.

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