Dissertation on Gun Control

The issue of gun control has been one of the most controversial issues in the XX century. Every time some outstanding assassination involving gun takes place, the public opinion proactively supports gun control, when the laws are getting more stringent, the reaction takes place, because guns are not only for criminal activities but also for self-protection or hunting, etc.

Solely gun control will not prevent us from the rise of criminal activities. If a murderer or a terrorist has an aim, he will find other ways of hurting the victim. Gun control might be efficient only if additionally registration and mandatory safety trainings, and the most important thing - the national educational program forming the cultural perception of humanism, loyalty, and common understanding are in force.

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The list of reasons supporting gun control the top is lead by the horrifying cases of mass assassination, taking place throughout the country. Unmotivated violence and increased aggression on the streets and in public places – malls, schools, and universities lead to the rise of activities supporting gun control.

When you think of all the innocent victims the reasons for gun control are needless. But that is pure emotion, one might claim. Indeed. Still, are not all these lives worth saving?

Let us now turn to more rational reasons supporting gun control. Many people, including myself, believe that owning a gun provides a sense of empowerment, hard to obtain being unarmed.

Controlling the availability of weapon might have added to the overall security nationwide. If there is no temptation, there is no sin.

The world has changed, it is not Wild West anymore, and Thomas Jefferson’s “No man shall ever be debarred the use of arms” (Virginia Constitution, 1776) proves to be against the nation itself more and more often. The story of Seung-Hui Cho, killed 32 people and wounded many more in Virginia Tech massacre, is a valid proof some should definitely be debarred the use of arms. It is symbolical that this act of violence took place in Virginia. Is not it ironic, taking into consideration the above-mentioned Thomas Jefferson’s statement?

There are numerous associations and unions supporting and disputing the issue of gun control. Those that are strongly against turn to the U.S Constitution.

Certainly, the second amendment claiming “…The right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” is still in force, and it is one of the strongest points against gun control. America is a free country, and the freedom is one of the greatest values of every American. Still, the Gun Control Act was necessary to limit the access to weapon of the freedom-loving Americans, whose presidents, like John F. Kennedy, and civil rights movement leaders, like Martin Luther King, Jr. were being shot in the course of the century.

Another reason against gun control is that is does not prevent crime, while significantly limits the possibility of self-defense. Numerous cases of violence on the streets including unarmed and thus practically helpless victims are being registered each day across country. The cases are so numerous people have become used to the violence surrounding them, especially in urban areas. Only cases involving mass violence, like the case in Virginia Tech win the attention of mass media and thus the audience. “Standard” cases are being piled up in the local police departments and are hardly ever covered in the news. Still, the existing level of gun control did not limit the crime rate; it has only disarmed common people, who could have protected themselves otherwise.

In fact, our attitude towards the gun control issue greatly depends on the experience we have in relation to it. The opinion of a mother whose child was killed in a school shooting will most probably oppose the opinion of a raped woman.

As the issue gets more personal, the viewpoint gets clearer, yet is issue of gun control does not cease to be controversial.

Taking into consideration all the pros and cons of gun control, I believe it is not efficient in the fight against the delinquency, but it might be useful in combination with other means of influencing the nation.

Among them the priority should be given to the nationwide program of cultural education, elimination of social tensions and intolerance. Gun registration and mandatory safety trainings should also be introduced across the country. Gun control itself will not eliminate the problem, it is only a pain-killer that will blunt the ache, not cure the illness.

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Dissertation on Fear

Fear is a basic part of human nature, of even life itself for all creatures. We are not born with fear, though. It is something we learn very quickly. Fear is a safety mechanism to keep us from putting ourselves in danger, from causing ourselves pain. Even a little baby when first born has no fear that whether it can survive in this world, but it does develop that fear when its mother wanders too far. 

Fear develops as a reaction to negative things one experiences, basically from pain. Pain can be physical or emotional. Fear and pain are two sides of the same coin. Without pain, we would have no fear. Without fear, we would put ourselves in a place where pain would destroy us. So fear is actually good for us. We must learn to manage fear, though, or fear, too, can destroy us.

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According to Oxford University Press Dictionary, the definition of "fear" is an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm. It seems like some are born with fear, and others have never experienced it. . Throughout history, man has feared natural forces like hurricanes, floods, blizzards, and volcanos which they already experience that would harm man. Others fear as small as fear roaches, spiders, snakes because of the creatures shapes. Sometimes, fear can bring people benefit like if I see an auto accident on the freeway. I fear of it, however, it will help me pay more attention for what on the road. Also, fear can play a big part in culture, like when parents teach their child the fear of God, or the fear of Hell, both of which help a child learn to be good. However, fear can have some negative effects. Some people can't manage the fear. They allow it to take complete control of all their actions, to act beyond reasonable caution. For example of a quote from German Proverb, "Fear make the wolf bigger than he appear". An intense form of fear is known as a phobia, which is an extreme or irrational of fear. The Phobialist.com lists conditions like Brontophobia, the fear of thunder and lightning, Cyberphobia, the fear of computers or working on a computer, Acrophobia, the fear of heights, Agoraphobia, the fear of crowds, and Hydrophobia, the fear of water. Phobias can be quite disabling. For example, if you have Acrophobia your fear of high places could easily prevent you from working in tall buildings, which could easily keep you from taking a good paying job for an irrational reason. Your fears can keep you from enjoying life or even preoccupy your thinking so that you are unable to work, sleep, or do many things you want to do or need to do. However, phobia can be overcome if man faced what feared him and permit it to pass over him. I seem to have borderline Graphophobia, the fear of writing. If I allowed this to consume me, I would never be able to complete this assignment, this course, or even my college degree.

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Dissertation on Water

The Chemical and Physical Properties of Water

Millions of years ago the first forms of life on Earth originated in the oceans. Today, although many plants and animals live on land, they are still dependent on water. Though odourless, transparent, and not very exciting to the taste buds, this life sustaining liquid is perhaps the most important liquid in the world. Covering 75% of the Earth's surface it serves as many purposes which would not be possible if it were not for its specific physical and chemical properties, those of which I will be discussing.

Water consists of two volumes of hydrogen to one volume of oxygen. The hydrogen atoms are arranged at a bonding angle of 105 degrees. This makes the water molecule polar because the shape of the molecule is such that it has a positive end and a negative end. This polarity accounts for the strong bonding between the molecules and peculiar properties of water, e.g. Relatively high melting and boiling point, expands when freezes. Because of its polarity water is a good solvent, attracting both the positive and negative charges of other solutions. This is very important because all chemical reactions in cells take place in aqueous solution.

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Water has a pH of 7, which makes it a neutral liquid medium. It's neutrality ensures that reactions taking place within living organisms are not disturbed by being too acidic or basic. Blood in animals and sap in plants consist largely of water. It's serves as a transport medium for food and removal waste materials within living organisms. Water is transparent allowing for sunlight to penetrate deep into water bodies. If it were not, photosynthesis would not take place and few organisms would be able to survive. Transparency also allows for organisms to see in water.

Water has a high specific heat, meaning that it takes large amounts of energy to cause a change in temperature. Because so much energy is needed to raise or lower the temperature, oceans and other bodies of water remain at a relatively constant temperature, ensuring that the organisms that they house are provided with a constant environmental temperature. The same is true for organisms living on land. A constant body temperature is crucial because rates of chemical reactions are greatly affected by temperature. Water also helps minimise temperature fluctuations. Without this property, living organisms would overheat or freeze to death with the slightest change in temperature.

Along with high specific heat water also has a high heat of vaporisation. This property is important because it allows for perspiration in humans and transpiration in plants to take place. Without these cooling processes taking place, living organisms would overheat. The amount of heat man produces in one day would be enough to raise his body temperature to 150 degrees Celsius if it were not for the water present in his body.

Water molecules have a high surface tension, because of the molecules very strong tendency to stick to each other (cohesiveness). This results in water molecules at the surface to crowd together and produce a strong layer, providing a habitat for certain aquatic organisms. The strong cohesive forces also play an important part in the movement of water up the vessels and tracheids of plants. If these forces were weaker, trees would not grown as tall.

The fact that water is less dense as a solid than a liquid is very important. As a result ice floats in water. If the opposite occurred and ice sank in water, frozen water in a lake or ocean would sink to the bottom and pile up to the top, killing all the marine life. The expansion of water when it freezes has important geological effects. Water that enters tiny cracks in rocks creates an enormous amount of pressure when it freezes, expands and then splits or breaks the rock, playing a great part in erosion.

The importance of water as a medium for life springs from its abundance on the Earth's surface. Water is the major constituent of living matter. Seventy percent of our total body weight is water. As ice it is found as glaciers, snow, hail and frost. It occurs in liquid form as dew, rain, in swamps, rivers and oceans. As gas it occurs as fog, steam and clouds. If it were not for the specific properties that allow for water to be so abundant, life on Earth would not exist.

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Dissertation on Censorship

Imagine yourself as a current-day writer, who is frozen and wakes up in the United States 100 years from now. The country has changed a lot from what you remember. Technology has advanced, language seems to have evolved more, and nothing looks the same. As you roam the streets, you try to gain a somewhat understandable perception of this advanced country around you. You pick up a newspaper, and notice something rather strange about every article - the only source of information is the U. S. Government. As you read further, you notice very little information is given at all. All the details published are provided by the government's opinions.

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Thinking back to the year 2003, you remember that high school publications were already censored and college censorship was in progress. The trend, unfortunately and surprisingly, may have moved all the way to professional journalistic organizations, such as newspapers and magazines. Even though this fabricated outlook of the future is no definite reality, it gives examples of the likely outcome of the patterns that are being set today. If nothing is done, trends of censorship in high school and college may lead to full censorship in the United States regarding all aspects of our country, thus violating the First Amendment of our Constitutional Rights.

The First Amendment of the Constitution clearly states that "congress shall pass no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances." A journalist, writer, editor, etc., believes in this right and uses it in order to perform for the public. However, with the courts starting to take away these rights, it affects both those willing to share information with others, and those striving to learn about events affecting our country.

Using censorship greatly affects tragic outcomes in our country, one target greatly affected: terrorism. If censorship enables the public to be blinded by unrealistic perceptions of a perfect world, then any tragedy could result in great confusion. Dennis Jeff, a writer and a former U. S. ambassador to Peru wrote, "The U. S. is not unique in being threatened by terrorism, and it will not be unique if the response is for the majority to accept the violation of the rights of a few in exchange for the promise of greater security. Some would argue that this has already happened." If censorship was used to the extent of harboring information from the public regarding terrorism, we are not giving our country a fair chance to work in unity and form an open-mind. Edmund H. Mosca, chief of the Old Saybrook Police Department, said that - "the misleading information distorts the successful strategies that have both preserved every citizen's civil liberties, while also neutralizing potential terrorist activities." In doing this, intelligence of our country is at its disadvantage and given little opportunity to be useful.

In an article published in The Day on Sunday, August 31, 2003, it says that "Blatant lies and manipulations are rained upon us regularly, but when they become a hailstorm we must know that the cloudmakers are worried." I believe this means that censorship is strongly growing throughout the United States, and with its increase, it is foolishly making situations worse. By not sharing information with the public, it causes little preparation, and who said that the Government knows how to make all the right decisions? Censorship should be denied in the aspects of current events affecting our nation, because we are one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all and if this is what we pledge every morning, we should apply it to our daily lives no matter the situation.

So this brings us back to you, 100 years from now. You have the opportunity to stay. The great technology is tempting, but staying would mean settling with a life of delusion. The people here do not realize they are cheated every day by their government. They don't even know their president died two years ago because the government thought that sharing that information would create chaos. You also have the option of returning to your own time with this new knowledge and continuing your life as if nothing happened. You know that if you go back you will have to take advantage of your freedom of speech, which is slowly disappearing, and you'd have to tell the public what could happen in the future because of censorship and increased governmental control. In conclusion, you have to make a decision. The answer is obvious when you recall upon a famous figure in history, Thomas Jefferson, when he said these words: "Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate to prefer the latter."

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Dissertation on Binge Drinking

In the state of Pennsylvania, many actions are taken against underage drinkers. They range from fines, to classes, to license suspension. Some people feel it is necessary to revise the consequences youth offenders on campus face; some people feel that the consequences are what the offenders deserve. 

This is a controversial issue that will be explored. It does not only involve the offender, but the parents of the students, the campus itself, and the students enrolled in the campus as well. This is an ongoing issue most likely because of the fact that people have different opinions on the issue of underage drinking in college, whether it is part of the college culture or not. No matter if it is part of the culture or not, the police enforcement does not believe that this is the case, there are standing rules and regulations for the violators of the Pennsylvania state laws.

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Pennsylvania has strict laws against underage drinking. For a first offender, they have the option to pay a $107 fine, attend 15 hours of alcohol class, and lose their license for 90 days. These laws apply to Pennsylvania State University as well. Many, however not all times, parents end up paying the fines, and it becomes their responsibility to transport their son/daughter because they do not have a license. Parents have mixed responses to the issue.

From speaking with parents of youth offenders, and researching parental opinions on underage alcohol use, there were different perspectives being taken into account. "37% of parents surveyed and 46 percent of teens surveyed indicated that they know of parents who have hosted teen alcohol parties" (Beth). This survey indicates that about half the teens that were surveyed know of parental consent for underage drinking, and half do not. Parents that consent to this feel that drinking is part of a culture, and that "It's pretty obvious you can't stop teenagers from drinking" (Beth), but many parents feel that under supervision, a teenager will learn to drink responsibly especially for when they go to college.

There is a new policy on many campuses including Penn State, about informing the parent of an alcohol citation. Parents who disapprove of underage drinking, as well as parents who do approve, think that this is an effective policy. Some people feel that by informing parents, it is just a temporary solution for a deeper problem, whereas others feel that it is "an opportunity for the institution to bring parents into the process at an early stage where they may make an effective deterrence of further alcohol violations" (Martz). It is true that underage drinking is a problem, but is parental advising a solution? The campus feels that this, as well as the implemented laws will solve the problem of underage drinking on campus.

Many people feel that drinking is part of the culture on a college campus. Gram Spanier, the president of Penn State University, feels that he is not out to abolish underage drinking, he just wants people to be responsible while drinking. However, in 1998 during the first few weekends of school at Penn State, four fraternities were charged with giving alcohol to minors. Many different organizations got together and addressed the issue and "with all of these efforts and more we are beginning to see a change at Penn State" (Rehring). The laws in University Park are fully enforced; however the rate arrests went up by 370 arrests from the year 2001 to 2002 on the Penn State campus. One of the solutions that were brought up was the "substance free dorms". These affects were positive; binge drinking became lower among these students. Citation reports dropped 10 percent in total for the country.

In other countries such as Puerto Rico, the drinking age is 18. A student at Penn State was asked if he enjoyed drinking and his response was, "Where I come from, there is not as much emphasis put on drinking because you are basically allowed to drink when you are 14 years old. I will drink, but not to get drunk." Authorities in America say that there are "over 10 million people between the ages of 12 and 20 who drink on a regular basis" (Geir). This causes a concern because drinking is the cause of many fights, deaths, and a riot that happened on the Penn State campus. So the police force feels they need to enforce "prevention, education, suppression, and intervention" (Geir), and they feel that the implications taken on offenders will do just that.

Campuses such as Penn State that penalize underage drinkers with penalties stated above found that there was "5 to 10 percent drop in alcohol use" (Schevitz). The class one is forced to take advises students on the dangers of alcohol and education is proven to be the best form of student awareness. However, there are still a number of repeat offenders that this did not affect positively.

Another penalization is a license suspension that is ordered to a youth offender. A parent of a youth offender, when asked if this was an appropriate punishment stated "I do not understand, if the person is not behind the wheel of a car, how can their liscense be affected, I believe that this punishment is unrelated to the violation and puts me as a parent in responsibility for my daughter because now I have to drive her around. I feel there is a better and more effective way to discipline these children." On the other hand, that "a loss of license would bring added consequence" (McCabe). These people feel that a license is a privilege and gives one freedom. When a person abuses that freedom then the rightful punishment would be taking it away; "Everyone relies on their driver's license" (McCabe). There is also a $100 fee in addition to the fines that must be paid in order to renew the license.

The fines that are ordered by the court are useful and are not. The first fine is $107 and that goes to the court. This fine many times is paid by the money given to the child by the parent. Other times it is hard earned money that is made by the offender, and it will teach them the lesson either to be more careful or not drink at all. There is also another fine regarding the first offense. It is $175 to enroll in the alcohol class. Obviously the funds go to the instructors, but if a child is paying out of their own money, many times they feel resentful of the fact that they must pay to become more educated about the use of alcohol and it may turn their eagerness to learn around. Other times, when the person is not forced to pay the bill and it comes out of their parent's pockets, they do not feel this resentment and they may be able to get the education intended out of the course and it changes their lives and well being. Some people feel that the fines are extreme amounts of money and this gives the offender the feeling that the police were "looking for leverage, and they want something to hold over the kids" (Barstow).

This becomes an issue of money rather than an issue of understanding that the violation against the law was wrong. However, the first offense fine is significantly reduced compared to the second offense fine. So many people see this as a warning, and it motivates them to make better decisions the next time they are faced with the situation.

There are rules and regulations regarding underage drinking everywhere in America, this is not the controversy. Are these rules affective in the attempt to prevent drinking, or not? As one can see, there are mixed emotions regarding underage drinking and the penalties when charged with the offense. 

Some conclude that the strict enforcement of laws when the youth offenders are actually caught will solve the problem; others feel that drinking in college is a part of the culture, and the students should just be educated to make wise decisions and be responsible. Some feel these rules are too harsh and should only be applied in extreme situations not to students who are making responsible decisions, while others feel that the rules are just and punishment is in order. People who rob banks and do other illegal acts are sentenced to punishment, why should people who are illegally drinking not be? There is a common ground somewhere, but it is not only up to the law enforcement and campus policy, but the students and parents as well. When will a reasonable solution be found? Or has it already been found?

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Dissertation on Feminism

Feminist thought and action has evolved quite dramatically over the past century. What was once a struggle to achieve equal political rights, such as voting rights for women, has become a more wide-ranging set of goals to achieve equality between men and women in all realms. Over the past four decades, feminist thought has diversified into three rather distinct groups: liberal feminism, Marxist feminism and radical feminism. Each espouses equality for women, although each sees the roots of gender inequality and the necessary remedies differently. There have been many landmark victories in the struggle of feminism, but the battle is far from over. Even in the major political parties in Canada today, roadblocks still exist. When employing a liberal feminist perspective, it is clear that many of the Canadian Alliance's social and economic policies are contradictory to the aims of feminism. A major problem with the party's policies is its support for the "traditional family", which has historically contributed to the gender gap. Also, the absence of gender equity policies limits the degree to which woman are able to achieve equality. Finally, the Canadian Alliance's strong opposition to publicly funded programs such as national daycare may decrease the chances for women to break free of a male-dominated society.

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Liberal feminism is perhaps the least ambitious of the branches of feminism. As Dickerson and Flanagan state, the liberal branch of feminist thought focuses on equality of rights, or the extension of men's rights to women. [1] Unlike other branches of feminism, liberal feminism focuses mainly on achieving equality through legislation and political action, and it does not include many of the biological arguments presented in other strains of thought such as radical feminism. The liberal feminist approach focuses on re-working legislation and bringing about innovation in policies in order to change societal institutions such that women can play an equal role alongside men. [2] Given this brief description of the main aspects of liberal feminism, it is possible now to discuss the ways in which the policies of the Canadian Alliance Party of Canada run contrary to feminist goals.

One of the themes running through Canadian Alliance policy documents is the importance of the family to society. This may be true, but the Alliance makes it evident that what is meant by family is the "traditional" family. Historically, the traditional family has been understood as one in which the male of the household is the dominant figure, while the mother is a nurturer, looking after the non-economic needs of the household and children. The Canadian Alliances constitution states:

We believe that the family is the essential building block of a healthy society, and the primary mechanism by which Canadians pass on their values and beliefs to the next generation; and that because of this unique importance, the family must be strengthened and protected from unnecessary intrusions by government. [3]

Although this statement does not directly refer to maintaining the traditional role of a female within the family, it is implied. Due to the fact that Alliance policies are rooted in the notion of a traditional family, the option of creating a more equal system is overlooked.

The Alliance's policy of maintaining the family as an integral part of their platform suggests their desire to maintain the patriarchal relationship that has existed in families for many years. In a male-dominated, patriarchal system, as is the traditional family, women lose many of the privileges accorded to equal individuals. Because of this inherent loss of equality, party policies that foster this idea of the family only serve to maintain the disadvantageous position of women in society. Feminist writers Susan Alice Watkins and Marisa Rueda write, "if you grew up with hopes of equality and a career, it can be traumatic to find yourself stuck at home with a baby." [4] Instead of maintaining this major disadvantage to women, policies could be reworked to take the equality of women into consideration. Charlotte Bunch has said,

Power is based on gender differences" men's illegitimate power over women taints all aspects of society... we now face the arduous task of systematically working through these idea, fleshing them out and discovering new ones. [5]

Bunch believes that the entire system must be reviewed and changes made where needed to ensure the equality of women is guaranteed. One way in which the traditional role of women in the family can be changed is through public policy innovations that encourage true equality between men and women in the economic realm. [6]

Nowhere in the Canadian Alliance's policies is there a plan to implement new public policies, or even to consider them. One common belief of feminists is the notion that economic freedom is necessary to achieving real equality for men and women. Betty Friedan, a feminist and American journalist, believes,

There is only one way for women to reach full human potential by participating in the mainstream of society, by exercising their own voice in all the decisions shaping that society. For women to have full identity and freedom, they must have economic independence. [7]

Yet because of the continuation of the traditional family, economic freedom is difficult to achieve as it would necessarily involve changes in gender roles within the family. Such changes would mean that both men and women would work outside the home while sharing the tasks of housework and childcare. [8] Beyond just a change in gender roles, government also can implement policies which help to make this possible. For example, government can provide free childcare facilities, child benefits and maternity benefits. The Canadian Alliance's policies and platform offer none of these, however. One example of the Canadian Alliance's unwillingness to provide programs that would ease the burdens of the working female is their fight to prevent the establishment of a national, affordable and reliable daycare system.

In 1999, the issue of implementing a national daycare program came onto the agenda of the House of Commons with the support of the Liberal government. This policy was to be a joint venture with the provinces to provide a national daycare system that would ensure childcare for children nation-wide and relieve pressures on working mothers. The Canadian Alliance strongly denounced this proposal, however. Eric Lowther, the children and family policy critic for the Alliance stated in a press release,

Recent reports indicate that the federal government [Liberal] wants to spend hundreds of millions of dollars [2.2 billion over three years] on a national day-care program. This is the wrong approach. It says Ottawa will make choices for parents rather than giving them freedom for a wide range of child care choices. [9]

This policy of the Canadian Alliance, to reject child caring programs as well as other publicly funded programs, implies that it remains the role of women in the family to care for children and no assistance will be given to change this situation. Without offering policies that enable women to gain economic independence, however, women will be unable to achieve their full potential.

Another problem in the Canadian Alliance's policies is their plan to eliminate equal opportunity employment programs. The Alliance does not offer any gender equity programs that would help to ensure and promote the hiring and better payment of women. The policies of the Canadian Alliance state that there should be no regulations on access to the labor force, such as equal opportunity employment, affirmative action or gender equity practices. The Alliance's polices state,

We will encourage the entrepreneurial sector by eliminating unnecessary regulations and minimizing government interference in the labor market, including the elimination of discriminatory hiring and promotion policies for federally regulated employees. Every job shall go to the most qualified applicant without use of affirmative action or any other type of discriminatory quota system. [10]

Such regulations and government "interferences" the Canadian Alliance deems unnecessary, but they are in fact crucial to ensuring that women are guaranteed an opportunity to work, however how minimal that guarantee might be. Government intervention and regulation is the only way to force employers to accept women as equal counterparts to men in the workplace. [11] The Canadian Alliance fails to recognize that women are treated unequally in the hiring process and that safeguards must be put in place to prevent this.

Since the creation of the Canadian Alliance in 2000, the party's policies have been the topic of much controversy. From a liberal feminist perspective, the policies of the Canadian Alliance run counter to the principles of feminism. The Alliance focuses a large portion of their policies on the preservation of the "traditional family," though it has been the traditional family that has held women back for years. The Canadian Alliance also fails to address the fact that there is a need for assisting families in caring for children through publicly supported programs. An example of the Alliance's neglect of this need is their failure to support a national daycare program. Moreover, the Canadian Alliance's policies pose a threat to many of the government supported protections that ensure equal opportunity employment and gender equity practices. Today more than ever, women have gained a stronger foothold in their struggle to overcome a male-dominated society, yet the Canadian Alliance retains many of the policies and beliefs that woman have struggled to overcome. One of the Canadian Alliance's major themes is the modernization of society, yet many of their social policies show little to no evolution from those of fifty years ago.

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Dissertation on Stress

Individual Difference in Response to Stress

Stress can be defined as a negative reaction to exogenous irritants accompanied by fear. It can also bring a feeling of loss, lack of control, confusion and aggression. Stress is manifested on both – physical and emotional levels. It can also touch mental abilities – stressed people can not concentrate on anything, lose ability to ratiocinate. Health problems often accomplish stress. Sometime people experience stress and other health problems, which follow it, but do not even know about that. Stress can be treated rather like a state of being than an illness and should be treated accordingly.

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There are different signs of stress, such as panic, suspicion and pain. It can be accompanied by feelings of aggression, anger and depression. Feeling of fatigue and suppression also can become often a signs of depression.

There are many reasons which can cause stress. Many changes in our life can cause stress. Any impact, even positive can become a reason of stress. In addition, stress can become a reason of many physical illnesses and psychological problems.

When a person experiences stress his most important living functions fall to lower levels, he tends to start using alcohol or drugs, suffers from insomnia and decreased concentration of memory and logical thinking, could even have constant headaches and nervous tic, some cases lead even to suicide attempts (Achmon 1989, 160).

Individual differences have very important influence on the stress level of an individual. As states Masters: “Two people may be affected quite differently by the same stimulus. This identifies differences in the physiological and psychological responses resulting from perceiving a situation as threatening or noxious… As a result of viewing people as cognitive creatures, a sociological approach sees human needs as shaping perceptions of situations and therefore as an important factor in understanding stress. Needs are learned and sustained through social encounters. Those who are unable to meet demands involving important needs experience stress.” (Masters 2002, 164).

Such factors as age, gender, ethnicity, genetic predisposition, history of trauma and abuse, personal history, copying skills, physical shape, and social support influence on the type of reaction to stress shown by different people. In addition, social and physical environment have very strong influence on human physiology and behavior. These factors have also a strong influence on the process of adaptation. Adaptation is one of core issues when we speak about dealing with stress. Good adaptation abilities give people more opportunity to fight stress. Adaptation ability can depend on age, genes, early development, present life style, past experience. All these factors taken together make core differences in the impact stress has on different individuals.

Turner, Beidel and Larkin give very bright examples of different reaction to stress in their article called “Individual Differences in Stress Responses”. They describe the reaction of two men after the Hurricane Andrew. Two men were in equal conditions after the hurricane. Their houses were ruined but nobody from their families was hurt. The first man cried and told that he had lost everything, while the second man was quite and said he was happy that all the members of his family were alive. 

Examples like that give very vivid illustrations how people of the approximately same age and social standing, under the same conditions can demonstrate completely different reactions to stressful factors. Scientists tried to define the measure of impact of stress on individual and bodily reactions on it.

They measure the way human body responds to stress and its ability to adaptation in “allostatic load”. The study of physical reactions should combine different sciences, such as biology, physiology, sociology and political science. “These fields provide a description and analysis of the social and cultural institutions and economic forces that affect individual human health. Specific examples of shared concepts and terminology are given to illustrate progress towards consilience in the study of socioeconomic determinants of health” (Turner, Beidel, Larkin, 2008).

There are many classifications of specific factors which influence attitude to stress. The most common classification divides individual difference variables to three groups. The first group includes demographic and historic development factors. These factors and stable during the entire life of an individual and can not be changed. The next group consists of psychological variables. These factors can be influenced and modified through the intervention within an individual behavior. The last group consists of social variables which are conditioned by the environment and can be changed in the other environment.

It becomes more and more evident, that for many people the place of their work or other social institutions became the main source of stress, which they later spread to other spheres of life, leisure and family. “Two people may be affected quite differently by the same stimulus. This identifies differences in the physiological and psychological responses resulting from perceiving a situation as threatening or noxious… As a result of viewing people as cognitive creatures, a sociological approach sees human needs as shaping perceptions of situations and therefore as an important factor in understanding stress. Needs are learned and sustained through social encounters. Those who are unable to meet demands involving important needs experience stress.” (Masters 2002, 165).

Despite all people are different and have different life conditions, but at the same time, there are common problems, which are typical for everybody. Most people express same time of stress at work and in the family. Unfortunately, most people react with stress and can not cope with pressure in the family and at the office. At the same time there are different factors, which make different people perceive stress differently.

For somebody his work would be the most important part of his life, somebody would risk his career development for the same of some family values.

Gender factor is one of the factors that can explain different reactions and responses to stress. Maternal care which is characteristic for the female behavior is responsible for the individual differences in stress. “Maternal care also influences the maternal behavior of female offspring, an effect that appears to be related to oxytocin receptor gene expression, and which forms the basis for the intergenerational transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity.

Patterns of maternal care that increase stress reactivity in offspring are enhanced by stressors imposed on the mother” (Turner 2008). For women, any problems connected with their family are more stressful than for men. Divorce or lost of child can lead to long-lasting depression among women. 

Women’s natural function is perpetuation of oneself and women’s response to stress can be explained by this factor. Men, in their turn, being aimed to make a successful career, are more fragile if they have problems in this sphere. The effect of stress in connection with professional sphere is greater for men than for women.

Stress in families is usually connected with the impossibility to combine different gender and social roles.

Gender is an important factor, which influences ability to meet stress and human reaction to it. About 80 % of people say that they mostly have stress because of lack of balance between work and family and about 32 % of working mothers are “highly-time stressed”, which is of course a substantial number (Clark 1983). There is a common source of stress, which is often associated with stress. This source of stress is a conflict between work and family. It is important to keep in mind that men and women react differently to this kind of stress. Besides not all families can afford some high-quality childcare. In the year 1995 there was a survey done, which proved that full-time working women in average have to spend seven days on personal and family issues, for men the number was only one day.

Age is another factor that forms our response to stress. People becoming older are more sensitive to different stressful factors. Aging itself is a stress for a person because becoming older the person is less energetic, active and lively. The person is not able to do what he could easily do early and it goes without saying that it affects his or her world perception and responses to stresses. Old people are sensitive to stresses and that is why they have more often nervous and heart diseases than in their youth (Agras 1982).

To sum up, stress is a negative reaction to the changeable surrounding that is usually followed by fear, anxiety and unstable inner state. Stresses are often caused by personal and job problems.

Unfortunately, these sources of stress have become a usual part of our lives. Individual differences easily explain different reactions and responses to stress. Every person has his own fears and obstacles in life and, so people are more predisposed to stresses and other are less. Individual differences include gender, age, personal features of character, life experience and events, life values, attitude to life and even profession, religion, family state and heredity. The most meaningful factors are gender, age and personal features. These factors influence human reaction to stress and condition abilities to cope with it.

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Dissertation on Germany

Dissertation on Germany Population

1. Introduction

Germany is one of the largest European countries. At the same time, the country faces various demographic problems that are typical for other Western European countries. In general, it should be said that the major demographic trends typical for Germany may be traced in other European countries, though such trends are not characteristic of absolutely all well-developed countries such as the US. In such a way, it is possible to estimate that the current demographic situation in Germany is worth analyzing since it can reveal the major trends that are typical for European countries and possible problems Germany may face in the future.

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2. The Major Densely Populated Areas of Germany and the US

First of all, it should be said that Germany is one of the most densely populated country in Europe. Its population constitutes 82,4 million people, while the main part of the population are concentrated in large metropolitan areas, among which it is possible to single out Munich metropolitan region with the population 4,7 million, Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan area with the population 4.2 million, Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region with the population 10,2 million, Frankfurt Rein-Main metropolitan region with the population 5,8 million, and others (United Nations Population Fund, 2008, see Table 2). In such a way, the large metropolitan regions are densely populated and the main part of the population of the country is concentrated in this areas. Basically, such a situation is determined by the historical development of the country since Germany was traditionally the regional leader and one of the leading country in the world. In the process of its historical development, the country has passed through the stage of industrialization and, at the present epoch, Germany is entering the post-industrial stage. Thus, the country is highly developed and, therefore, the population is concentrated in areas where people have larger economic opportunities, i.e. in large metropolitan areas where industrial, scientific and educational centers are concentrated.

However, this trend is typical not only for Germany but for other developed countries such as the US, for instance. In this respect, it should be said that the population of the US, constituting more than 303 million people, mainly resides in urban areas (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). To put it more precisely, slightly more than 80% of its population resides in cities and suburban areas (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008, see Table 3). This trend proves the fact that the concentration of population in urban or metropolitan areas is typical for well-developed countries. It should be pointed out that reasons for the migration of population from rural to urban areas in the US was and still is determined by similar factors that the migration in Germany. In fact, at the present moment both the US and Germany are highly developed countries where the main economic opportunities are available in large cities, while rural areas are merely populated, while the introduction of new technologies in both countries contributes to the effective agriculture and stable supply of the local population with essential products with minimal use of human resources and manual labor.

3. Fertility Rates and Population Growth

At the same time, the demographic situation in Germany and the US are, to a significant extent, different. In this respect, it is necessary to underline that Germany is currently defined as the country whose population is steadily aging. What is meant here is the fact that Germany has a zero fertile rate or, what is more, Germany’s population is characterized by declining growth. In actuality, this means that the population is aging, the number of older people increases, while the number of newborns steadily declines. In such a way, the country faces not only demographic problems, because the reproductive potential of the nation declines, but it also provokes a number of economic problems since the number of active population contributing to the economic growth gradually decreases, while the number of retired people grows.

In contrast, the situation in the US is quite the contrary. In fact, the fertility rate for the US constitutes 2.09, which is the largest rate among well-developed countries (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008). At the same time, it is worth mentioning the fact that the population of the US does not demonstrate the trend to aging not only because of the relatively high fertility rate, but also due to the immigration, especially from Latin America.

4. Ethnic and Racial Structure of Population in Germany and the US

Furthermore, in spite of the growth of non-German population in Germany in recent years, the country still remains predominantly mono-national. To put it more precisely, Germans constitute the overwhelming majority of the population – 91,5%, while less than 10% of German population is represented by ethnic minorities, among which 2,4% constitutes Turks, while the rest 6,1% are represented by Italians, Serbs, Croats, Poles, Bosnians, Greeks, Vietnamese and Russian (Population Handbook, 2008, see Table 1). In contrast, the US is a multinational country. Basically, it is possible to distinguish major racial groups: white alone 73,9%; African American 12,4%; Asian American 4,4%; American Indian 0,8%; Native Hawaiian 0,14%; other race 6,3%; two or more races 2% (U.S. Census Bureau, 2008, see Table 1).

5. Conclusion

Thus, it is possible to conclude that Germany is a densely populated country with a low fertility rate and concentration of population in urban areas, while the US’s population tends to grow. Moreover, Germany’s population is predominantly German with ethnic minorities constituting less than a tenth of population, while the population of the US is ethnically diverse.

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Dissertation on Monopoly

Southern California Edison as a Monopoly: Analysis

This paper, by analyzing the company of Southern California Edison, illustrates what a monopoly is and why a monopoly can benefit the citizens of a particular state or a district.

In April 2001, California acquired the transmission system of Southern California Edison, the near- bankrupt power distribution company, for $2.75 billion, and obtained additional generating and transmission assets in the months that followed (www.sce.com). The State also created the California Consumer Power and Conservation Financing Authority to construct, own, and operate electric-power production and transmission facilities.

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It’s fair to say that the main result of the crisis, apparent by the fall of 2001, was the complete abandonment by the State of California of anything even remotely related to electric utility deregulation. The re-regulatory experiment was deemed a complete failure by state regulators, and especially Gov. Davis who stepped up his attacks on companies like Enron as he began his 2002 reelection campaign (www.sce.com). And that failure was taken as conclusive proof against the wisdom and value of deregulation in the future.

California ratepayers were paying electricity prices that were much higher than when the re-regulatory process began, and seemed destined to pay high prices for many years to come. Moreover, deregulatory efforts throughout the country were slowed, or even abandoned, in light of what was perceived to be failed deregulation in California. Simply put, the entire deregulatory enterprise was tainted by its dubious association with what passed for-but really was not-deregulation in California.

The history of a monopoly, which Southern California Edison is, dates long back to the beginning of the 20-th century. During the 1930s, a number of distinguished economists attempted to inject the concept of monopoly power into the conventional theory of the firm. These path-breaking efforts led by Chamberlin, Robinson, Lerner, Kaldor, and Kalecki provided valuable tools for economists investigating the behavior of particular firms and industries (Du Richard 1999). The version of monopoly theory that penetrated microeconomic textbooks is called the standard monopoly model. It is based on the assumption that the monopolist maximizes short-run profits and other firms hold their prices and output constant. The profit maximizing output, q*, is determined by the intersection of marginal cost (MC) and marginal revenue (MR). At this output, price is equal to p* and average costs are equal to AC*. Total profits are equivalent to the shaded area because both are equal to the product of average profit (p*--AC*) and total output, q* (Du Richard 1999).

The introduction of monopoly theory into mainstream economics was both a victory and a disappointment. It was a victory because it provided an alternative to the idealized theory of perfect competition. But it was also a disappointment because the conditions for the standard monopoly model were typically just as idealized and ambiguous as perfect competition. Where perfect competition required an infinite number of firms producing identical products, the monopoly model assumed a single producer in a market.

The key features of monopoly are:

1. The standard monopoly model defines only potential values. These are potential values because they are based on two assumptions that are not always met in the real world. The first is that firms maximize short-run profits and the second is that other firms hold their prices constant. Since firms do not always maximize short-run profits, nor do other firms always hold their prices constant, actual values may differ from those in the model. In order to make this clear, it is necessary to distinguish between potential values determined by the standard monopoly model and actual values determined in practice (Du Richard 1999).
2. These potential values can be calculated for any firm. Since a short-run demand curve and cost curves can be constructed for any firm, the “potential” values can also be calculated. The calculation can even be made for firms with flat demand curves, corresponding to the special case of perfect competition. The third proposition makes a connection between these theoretical values and real economic activity (Du Richard 1999).
3. These potential values influence actual behavior. This is the final and most important proposition. Monopoly theory would be of little value if it bore no resemblance to actual firm behavior. The fact that monopoly theory can describe and predict business behavior is what makes it a valuable theoretical tool (Du Richard 1999).

While monopoly power can improve the potential profitability of a company, it does not guarantee it. In order to discuss the relationship between monopoly power and profits, we need to introduce another concept, economic power. This term is defined as the maximum potential profit of a firm. Actual profit and economic power are equivalent only when the firm charges the particular price that maximizes short-run profits. At all other times, economic power merely describes the potential profitability of a firm. Economic power is measured in thousands of dollars for some firms and in billions of dollars for others and is yet another way to distinguish one business from the next.

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Dissertation on Racism

Racism is a phenomenon that has existed in the world for many centuries, taking diverse forms and appearing in different parts of the planet. If to give a definition of this notion, racism is a strong belief that people with different color of skin, culture, language, customs or any other factor that is predetermined by birth are inferior or superior to others. Racists believe that particular traits of character and moral values are conditioned by the person’s race or nation. Throughout the history of mankind, racism has become the reason for wars and slavery many times. It also became the basis for racial separatism, in other words, the belief that all people should be separated by their race and should remain segregated. 

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Today the notion of racism widens a bit and sometimes refers not only to the differentiation of people by races but also by their nation and culture. Thus, it becomes very close to ethnocentrism, which is also widespread and is basically a branch of racism. The term “ethnocentrism” has a lot of interpretations, but they can be reduced to one meaning and it means to look down at people, who are different from you, and put your ethnic group in the center of the universe. Ethnocentrism leads to miscommunication, appearance of stereotypes and these factors have a serious damage on the cross-cultural communication. (Thompson, 2005, 27)

In general, there is nothing bad in patriotism and good attitude to your motherland and people who inhabit it. These feelings are even laudable. Problems appear when this love to your country, people or social group is expressed by the prejudice of the others. Ethnocentrism is a wrong way of thinking, as it creates false assumptions about the superiority of one group above all the others. Unfortunately, distinction between true patriotism and ethnocentrism is very subtle and we can see poor consequences of the substitution of these notions on the example of Nazi terror. In general, World War II was an illustrative example of racism. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi showed the unprecedented case of racism. The Holocaust, made by them, went down in history as one of the most horrible and devastating manifestations of racial discrimination.

Being a territory that combines many countries with different cultures and besides, attracting immigrants from other continents, Europe witnessed many times different conflicts owing to racism. The most dangerous and alarming tendency, apparent nowadays, is the revival of Nazism, so-called Neo-Nazism, in certain European countries. Numerous attacks against Arabs and Jews appear in Italy, France, Spain, Greece, etc.

If to consider the USA, being today a democratic country, once it was a hotbed of slavery and racism. Slaves, brought from African continent, served as a cheap labor force in the newly created country. The physical labor of slaves was used by the most Southerners. It was impossible to abandon slavery right at once. The changes of behavior of the slave owners did not happen until the end of the civil war. The issue of slavery became that compromise that gave Northern and Southern states an opportunity to agree on a federal government. Abolishment of slavery did not resolve the problem of racism and discrimination. Intolerance of the people toward other people and feeling of superiority, where some believed that some definite group of people could be regarded as chosen and superior by birth, did no disappear in the United States after the abolishment of slavery. Race still created a big abyss in the relations between the black and white people in the country. The slavery was cancelled but a new social model has not been built yet and African Americans had to find their way to survive and their place in the social ladder. A lot of them had to do the same work as being slaves. Therefore, many African Americans struggled against prejudices and for the equality. The history of racism in America knows many leaders who were ardent supporters of African American minority in the USA. We can mention such people as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. Both of them lived in the beginning of the twentieth century and made a great contribution into the struggle against racism, despite the fact that they had different views and different life experience. Malcolm X’s life is f special interest as it shows how people can change their attitude to the problem and how all people should alter their treatment of racism.

Malcolm X spent his youth drinking, taking and selling drugs, and sending white people to black parlor houses. He realized bitterly that he could do nothing to improve the condition of black people but he was convinced that they should withstand white people and their help. When he was working in the Harlem ghetto, he used to blame white people in all troubles of the black and preferred not to see the misdeeds of his friends. However, with time his views changed, especially when he was sent to jail. That was a crucial moment because he regenerated and began a new chapter in his life. There he was converted to Islam that was preached by the organization the Nation of Islam. However, his animosity towards white people increased. He began to conceive racism as not the personal attack but as the confrontation of two worlds, black and white. This issue was no more a personal problem for him but a problem of national and international levels. Nevertheless, he revenged himself upon white people for the eternal subjugation because of the color of his skin. Another turning point in his life was during his pilgrimage to Mecca.

He saw another Islamic world, without racial division and realized that it differed from the one he had preached during his life. His attitude towards white people also changed, he saw whites that were not involved into racism. He broadened his perspective on the race relations and realized that it was a vital issue not only for the black in America but throughout the world. Finally, his views upon the problem were molded and Malcolm saw the solution in worldwide co-operation. 

Martin Luther King was another prominent personality in the struggle against racism he was famous for his non-violent means of defending African Americans. During all his life, he called people to protect civil rights of all people despite their race and nationality. As a result, he was the youngest person who received the Nobel Peace Prize. Unfortunately, many of his rewards for his activity he was awarded posthumously as he was assassinated at the age of about forty.

Today racism needs much attention. Perhaps it has acquired another form – it is not as obviously aggressive as earlier, however, the degree of hatred towards people of different race is not lower. The struggle with racism continues and is of paramount importance in the context of democratic development and the globalization of the world. Due to globalization, more and more people migrate, especially from poor countries to more developed, where cheap labor force is necessary. Thus, the confrontation of local people and immigrants is provoked. In this light, everybody should understand that the problem of racism must be eradicated. While different conferences are held by the UNO and various laws and acts are adopted, first of all it is necessary to change people’s attitude towards others. Tolerance and the principle of equality should be brought up in children since their birth. Racism is just a stereotype that should be eliminated. It is not a real fact that people of different skin color differ in their abilities and the history of mankind has proved it. On their way to democracy and equality, people should realize the necessity of blaming racism and preventing its development in the world. The question about the status of minority groups in different countries is a subject of loud debates in modern society. On the example of the African American minority in the USA, we can see how difficult it is to cross out shameful pages in history. Despite immense effort of American government, African Americans still feel imbalance in social, political and economic spheres of life in comparison with white Americans as representatives of majority group. A number of steps should be performed by the government and society in order to reduce imbalances between majority and minority groups and provide them equal rights and freedoms. There are many fields, which cause concerns of African Americans as a minority groups. The scope of this issues rangers from complicated political matters to minor social issues. Race discrimination is not as much spread as it was in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th, but still we can meet this problem even today. It is very difficult to get rid of the thing that used to be common for centuries and we need time to achieve the new level of development of our society.

To make a conclusion, the problem of racism is very acute nowadays and causes numerous disputes all over the world. Throughout the whole history of mankind racism developed and despite people’s efforts to abolish it, it exists nowadays. Certainly, people managed to achieve great results in their struggle, especially to bright representatives of persecuted people, such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. However, we should not stop in our efforts to make all people equal and should prevent any manifestation of racism in any corner of the world.

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Information Technology Thesis Proposal

Thesis Proposal on Information Technology

The development of new technologies contributed consistently to the progress of communication and computing in the contemporary world. In fact, information technologies are considered to be very perspective since they can provide a fast development of a company. In this regard, it is necessary to underline that the use of IT by ordinary people as well as companies is constantly growing that results in the rapid development of e-commerce and the growing need in the more effective use of IT, Internet and computers at large. In such a situation, the introduction of new technologies naturally responses to the growing needs of people and, at the same time, offer new services and larger opportunities for users of IT and Internet. In this respect, it is possible to trace the evolution of Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 and the perspective of the creation of Web 3.0.

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On analyzing the current situation and perspectives of the introduction of Web 3.0, it is necessary to briefly dwell upon the origin and development of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 business models. It should be pointed out that originally Web 1.0 provided extremely limited opportunities for users, which nowadays seem to be practically elementary. In fact, Web 1.0, being the first generation of Internet, could provide ample information to users but this information was chaotic and users could not really navigate and search the information they really needed effectively using Web 1.0 model. Basically, the use of Web 1.0 was a one-sided process where users could have access to the information but they could hardly interact with each other that became the characteristics of the next generation of Internet, Web 2.0. Obviously, such a seeming simplicity of the first generation of Internet was determined by the existing needs of people, who basically had a large amount of information that could be stored in their computers and they could give its information to their customers, for instance, by means of Internet but customers could not respond virtually to the information they could access via Internet.

The Web 2.0 provided the opportunity for the interaction between users of Internet that was also determined by the growing needs and demands of users. To put it more precisely, users had a lot of information to share with each other. The development of IT and spread of Internet made it available to people worldwide. This is why it became a very convenient and accessible means of communication and interaction. As a result, users could not only receive some information but they could also share it and communicate with each other. Naturally, this stimulated the development of new virtual communities and new culture. People have started to benefit from Internet, developing their e-business as well as communicating with each other.

At the same time, the second generation of Internet, contributed to the creation of more effective search engine which could help users search for the information they need and find it in abundance. In this respect, tagging was particularly important because it helped identify keywords and, on their basis, users could find the information they searched for. However, the new opportunities of Internet concerning the search of information were and still are far from perfect and the existing drawbacks of search engines and actual needs of people reveal the enormous gap which Web 3.0 could narrow.

What is meant here is the fact that the use of the contemporary search engine of Web 2.0 can provide users with a huge amount of information but this information is just a list of links to various websites where the information users search for is presented. But the problem is that users can waste a lot of time and still have difficulties with the finding the information they really need because the existing search engines cannot go beyond the denotative meaning of keywords and systemize the information stored in different websites and databases. To solve this problems search engines of Web 3.0 could provide the systemized information to users and, what is more give information on concrete questions of users. In fact, the next generation of Internet will open new opportunities to users providing them not only systemized information on issues they are interested in, but also can potentially facilitate their life becoming personal advisors of users. At the same time, Web 3.0 will be able to consolidate information and rate sites, which though put companies under the threat of being low-rated and loose potential customers, while the high rating will contribute to their popularity. Finally, Web 3.0 is supposed to deliver users with complete solutions providing ample and precise information they search for.

Thus, it is obvious that the development of Web 3.0 is very important because the contemporary Internet offers users abundance of information but cannot provide adequate system of its search and delivery to users. On the other hand, the transformation of AI into personal advisors of people and source of ready-made solutions exposes new challenges, such as the automation of human skills and increasing role of machines compared to humans.

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Dissertation on African Americans

Language, Culture, History and Society of African American People in the US

Language is probably one of the major tools that contribute to the progress of human civilization and formation of humans as intelligent and social beings. As the matter of fact, language is one of the major distinguishable features that differs humans from other living beings in the entire planet. In the course of the development of human civilization, language evolved respectively to the level of the development of civilization and was one of the major constituent elements of the socio-cultural progress of people. Nowadays, the role of language has become even more important because language is more than a means of communication but it is rather an essential part of human culture that produces a profound impact on individual’s perception of the surrounding world, his/her beliefs, ideas, traditions and culture. Moreover, it is even possible to estimate that language, to a significant extent shapes individual’s identity and distinguishes him/her from representatives of other socio-cultural groups.

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In such a context, the development of dialects or even a variety of languages, which seemingly originate from one and the same basis, is particularly noteworthy. In this respect, it is possible to refer to English which perfectly illustrates the extent to which the language may differ depending on the community that uses this language and socio-cultural as well as historical background in which this language is used.

First of all, it should be said that specialists (Baldwin) argue that different variants of English language should be defined either as dialects or even as separate languages. In this argument Baldwin, for instance, attempts to prove that African American English, being consistently different from Standard English, is not a dialect, but it is rather a different language, the language of African Americans, which he defines as “the creation of the black diaspora” (281). This is probably why June Jordan’s class chose to write their protest letter to the police in Black English rather than in Standard English. Obviously, they viewed the language as the one of the major acquisitions of their ethnic group. 

Moreover, they could view the language as the distinguishable feature of their own culture and their ethnic group. It was a symbol of their difference and the symbol of their cultural identity. This means that the language may be viewed as an essential element of national identity and, in such a context, the use of Black English is quite comprehensible and logical because students attempted to show that they are a different nation and their rights should be respected, while language was a kind of evidence that their culture and their ethnic group is really different and unique and, what is more important, it is culturally rich because it has managed to create its own language being under a permanent pressure of the dominating white group. In this regard, it is very important to remind that James Baldwin lays emphasis on the fact that “language, incontestably, reveals the speaker” (279). So, the letter and the language used just reveal the speakers, emphasizing their national identity and dignity.

In fact, it should be pointed out that language has always played a very important role as the means of self-expression and identification of an individual with a particular community or socio-cultural group. In this respect, it is possible to remind Irish people whose English was substantially different from British English and it was a subject of mockery from the part of Englishmen, but, on the other, hand it was a part of the culture and national identity of Irish people that clearly distinguished them from the rest of English-speaking world.

At the same time, it is worthy of mention that the language may be also viewed as a subject of racial discrimination because, returning to the US, it should be said that traditionally Black English was viewed as a dialect of Standard English, i.e. the dialect of the language of white Americans. In such a way, the latter apparently emphasized their superiority in relation to African Americans who were treated inferior and their language, or dialect, was a proof of their inferiority.

This means that white community viewed the language of African Americans as inferior because they believed that the difference of this language is determined by their low educational level and their inability to speak correctly.

In such a situation, the letter discussed above may be viewed as a response to all these skeptics whose view on Black English is influenced by prejudices and racial biases. At the same time, James Baldwin rejects the idea that Black English is a dialect of Standard English, instead, he insists that it is a different language created by African American community, partially in response to racial discrimination. For instance, he refers to historical context, in which African Americans were forced to use their own specific language that was not comprehensible to white Americans because African Americans were oppressed by whites. In such a way, the language “comes into existence by means of brutal necessity, and the rules of the language are dictated by what the language must convey” (Baldwin 281).

Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that Black English may be viewed as a language of African American people which should rather be viewed as a language and not a dialect of Standard English. In this respect, it should be said that Black English was created in a very specific historical context as a means of communication of African Americans and it did not count for other English-speaking people that may be viewed as a proof of the independence of this language from Standard English because it was a language a particular community. At the same time, it is necessary to underline that the concept of language should be viewed consistently larger than just an ordinary means of communication. In fact, it is the product of the historical development of the community which incorporates culture and traditions of this community. In actuality, language contributes to the formation of the particular cultural and national identity of speakers.

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